Okuqukethwe
Incazelo
Iwayini (lat. I-Vinum) isiphuzo esidakayo esenziwe ukuvutshelwa kwemvelo kwamagilebhisi noma yiliphi elinye ijusi lezithelo. Amandla wesiphuzo ngemuva kokuvutshelwa angaba ngu-9-16.
Ezinhlobonhlobo ezinamandla, amandla aphezulu abawathola ngokuxuba iwayini notshwala kumaphesenti afiselekayo.
Iwayini yisiphuzo esidala kunazo zonke. Kunezinganekwane eziningi zokutholakala kwesiphuzo okokuqala, okukhonjiswa ezingqophamlando zezinganekwane zakudala zamaGrikhi, amaRoma Asendulo, kanye namaPheresiya. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvela nokukhula kwewayini kuhlobene nemvelo nokwakheka komphakathi wesintu.
Isiphuzo esidala kunazo zonke esisinde ngezinsalela zezinsalela zaqala ngo-5400-5000 BC. Abavubukuli bakuthola endaweni yanamuhla yeCaucasus.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Ubuchwepheshe besiphuzo ngaso sonke isikhathi buyashintsha. Lokhu kwenzeke kuze kube yilapho abakhiqizi bechaza ngokucacile izigaba eziyinhloko. Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwewayini elimhlophe nelibomvu yehlukile.
Red
Ngakho-ke abakhiqizi bewayini elibomvu bakhiqiza ngamagilebhisi abomvu. Bavuna amagilebhisi avuthiwe bese bewadlula ku-crusher, lapho amagquma akhethekile ahlukanisa khona amajikijolo namagatsha. Kulokhu kuhlinzwa, ithambo kufanele lihlale liqinile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isiphuzo sizoba yi-tart kakhulu. Bese amagilebhisi agayiwe kanye nemvubelo bawabeka ezitsheni ezikhethekile lapho kuqala khona ukuvutshelwa. Ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2-3 amandla okuvutshelwa anciphisa, notshwala bufinyelela phezulu. Uma kwenzeka inani elinganele likashukela wemvelo kumagilebhisi- abakhiqizi bengeza ushukela omsulwa. Ekupheleni kokuvutshelwa, bathela iwayini, bampintsha bese behlunga ikhekhe.
Abakhiqizi bewayini abasebasha bangabhodlela ngasikhathi sinye. Umphumela uba ngumkhiqizo wewayini oshibhile impela. Imikhiqizo ebiza kakhulu, iguga ngokwemiphongolo ye-oki egumbini elingaphansi kweminyaka okungenani engu-1-2. Ngalesi sikhathi, iwayini liyahwamuka futhi lihlale phansi enhlabathini. Ukufeza iziphuzo ezisezingeni eliphakeme emigqonyeni, bahlala befaka phezulu bese bedlulisela emgqonyeni omusha ukuze bazihlanze endle. Isiphuzo sokuvuna ababhekana nokuhlungwa kokugcina nokufakwa emabhodleleni.
White
Ekhiqizweni kwewayini elimhlophe, bahluba izithelo zamagilebhisi ngaphambi kwenqubo yokuvutshelwa, futhi ukumnika, basebenzisa uketshezi oluncibilikisiwe ngaphandle kokukhama. Inqubo yokuguga kwewayini elimhlophe ayidluli iminyaka eyi-1.5.
Ngokuya ngokuqukethwe ushukela osewayinini namandla ayo, lezi ziphuzo zihlukaniswe ngethebula, ziqinile, zinongiwe futhi ziyakhazimula.
Abantu bakhiqiza iwayini yonke indawo emhlabeni jikelele, kepha ukuthengiswa okuphezulu kwewayini kubalwa iFrance, i-Italy, iSpain, i-USA, ne-Argentina.
Izinhlobonhlobo zesiphuzo kungcono ukusisebenzisa ezingeni lokushisa elithile nasezitsheni ezithile.
Izinzuzo zewayini
Odokotela abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamanani amancane ewayini kuyasiza kakhulu empilweni yomzimba wonke (kungadluli ingilazi eyodwa ngosuku). Iqukethe inani elikhulu lama-enzyme, ama-acid (i-malic, i-tartaric), amavithamini (B1, B2, C, P), amaminerali (i-calcium, i-sodium, i-potassium, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium), nezinye izinto ezisebenza ngokuphila.
Ngakho iwayini elibomvu licebile kakhulu kule antioxidant, njenge-resveratrol. Indawo yayo efanele inamandla aphindwe kayishumi kunovithamini E. Iwayini futhi liqukethe i-ayoni nezinto ezinomthelela ekumungeni kwalo kangcono kukhuphula izinga le-hemoglobin. Imiphumela ezuzisayo yomnkantsha obomvu isiza ukukhiqiza amaseli abomvu egazi (ama-erythrocyte).
Ukusetshenziswa kwewayini kuqinisa ukugaya, ukuthanda ukudla, kanye nokufihla kwezindlala zamathe. Inezinto zokubulala amagciwane nezokulwa namagciwane, ezivimbela ama-causative agents wekholera, umalaleveva nesifo sofuba. Abanye odokotela banquma ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezibomvu zesifo sezilonda. Ukuba khona kwama-tannins kunomthelela ekuphulukisweni okusheshayo kwezilonda.
Iwayini elimhlophe nelibomvu lehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol egazini, lenza umzimba usebenze kahle, futhi likhuthaze ukukhishwa kobuthi. Zibuye zenze izinga lesawoti libe elejwayelekile; sincoma ukusebenzisa iwayini ukunciphisa usawoti ohlangothini.
Okuqukethwe ewayinini, kuma-carbohydrate, nakwezinye izinhlobo zamaprotheni kunika umzimba amandla athe xaxa. I-Tartaric acid isiza ukwenziwa kwamaprotheni ayinkimbinkimbi emvelaphi yezilwane.
Ukulimala kwewayini nokuphikisana
Okokuqala, izakhiwo eziwusizo zineziphuzo zemvelo kuphela ngaphandle kwezithasiselo nodayi.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwewayini kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifo senhliziyo, isifo sokuqina kwesibindi nesifo sikashukela. Futhi, ukuphuza ngokweqile utshwala kungakhuthaza ukukhula nokukhula komdlavuza.
Ekuphetheni, kufanele kukhishwe ekudleni kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye ne-lactation. Abantu abanezifo zesibindi namanyikwe abane-cystitis ebukhali kanti ukwelashwa yimithi elwa namagciwane nemenyu yezingane.
