WHO: inyama ebomvu idala umdlavuza

Namuhla emhlabeni kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-14 abanomdlavuza, abangaphezu kwengxenye yabo abafayo. Kepha lokhu akuwona umkhawulo, ngoba ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-10 bajoyina izikhundla zabo minyaka yonke. Ingxenye yesithathu yabo, njengomthetho, ifunda ngesifo esibi ezigabeni zakamuva, ngenxa yokuthi amathuba okuphulukiswa okuphelele kuye ancipha kakhulu. Lesi sifo sithinta abantu abahlukahlukene, kubandakanya nalabo abavela emazweni athuthukile. Iningi leziguli zemitholampilo yama-oncological zihlala eDenmark. Ngokwesiko, umdlavuza wamabele nomdlavuza wamathumbu kuhola phambili. Futhi uma esimweni sangaphambili, into embi kakhulu ingavinjelwa ngokuhlolwa okujwayelekile, esimweni sokugcina, ukwenqatshwa kwenyama. Kunoma ikuphi, ochwepheshe be-WHO banesiqiniseko salokhu.

Mayelana nesifundo

Ngo-Okthoba 26, 2015 eLyon, abasebenzi be-World Health Organization bakhiphe isitatimende esivusa amadlingozi: inyama ebomvu nemikhiqizo yenyama ivusa ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza wekoloni, ama-pancreas kanye nomdlavuza we-prostate kubantu.

Lesi simemezelo sandulelwe umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu. Yathathwa yiqembu lososayensi abangama-22. Bonke bangongoti abavela emazweni ayi-10, ababizelwe umcimbi we-International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme.⁽¹⁾

Bonke bafunda izinto ezitholakala ngesikhathi socwaningo lwesayensi. Ayengaphezu kuka-1000 (ama-700 enyama ebomvu nama-400 emikhiqizo yenyama). Bona, ngandlela thize, bathinta ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani lokudla okudliwayo kanye nezigameko zezinhlobo eziyi-12 zomdlavuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwacatshangelwa amazwe ahlukene kakhulu omhlaba kanye nezakhamuzi ezinokudla okuhlukile.⁽²⁾

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ososayensi babenezinsolo zokuthi i-carcinogenicity isenyameni kudala ngaphambi kwalo msebenzi wesayensi. Ukuthi ngokuqhubeka kwezifundo ezahlukahlukene zezifo ezithathelwanayo, babe sebethola imininingwane ekhombisa ukuthi ukutholakala kwenyama ebomvu ekudleni kusalokhu kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda okuncane engcupheni yokuthola izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Futhi noma ngabe le ngozi yomuntu incane, ingaba nkulu esizweni sonke. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kuyanda kancane nasemazweni anezinga eliphansi neliphakathi lokuphila.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi esithile emhlanganweni kwanqunywa ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-carcinogenicity yenyama nemikhiqizo yenyama, eyathathwa yiqembu elisebenzayo le-IARC.⁽³⁾

Mayelana nemiphumela

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, inyama ebomvu yinyama yonke, noma izicubu zemisipha, ezivela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Lokhu kubandakanya: ingulube, inyama yenkomo, imbuzi, ihhashi, iwundlu, iwundlu.

Imikhiqizo yenyama yimikhiqizo yenyama etholakala ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwenyama ukuze kwandiswe impilo yayo yeshalofu noma kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka kwayo. Ukucubungula okunjalo kungaba u-salting, ukomisa, zonke izinhlobo ze-caning. Ngamanye amazwi, imikhiqizo yenyama i-ham, amasoseji, amasoseji, inyama ekheniwe, eminye imikhiqizo noma amasoso aqukethe inyama.⁽²⁾

Ukuhlola i-carcinogenicity, ochwepheshe basebenzise itafula elinamaqembu ama-4 ezingozi empilweni yomuntu.

Kungene imikhiqizo yenyama Iqembu le-1 enesihloko esithi “I-Carcinogenic kubantu“. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi leli qembu liqukethe konke okuholela ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza, njengoba kufakazelwa yimiphumela ehambisanayo yezifundo, imvamisa izifo zesifo. Ngendlela, ugwayi ne-asbestosi zawela eqenjini elifanayo, kodwa ochwepheshe baphendula umbuzo wokuthi inyama iyingozi yini empilweni njengezinto zokugcina. Bavele bathi konke okuwela eqenjini lokuqala kunomthelela ekukhuleni komdlavuza wamathumbu futhi kunokuqinisekisa okuqinile kwesayensi ngalokhu.

Kwangena inyama ebomvu iqembu 2A «Mhlawumbe i-carcinogenic kubantu“. Lokhu kusho ukuthi phakathi nezifundo ze-epidemiological, ososayensi bathole ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwenyama ebomvu nokuthuthukiswa kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, kepha kulesi sigaba, ngenxa yokushoda kobufakazi, abakwazi ukusho ngokuqinisekile ngalokhu . Ngamanye amagama, isifundo sizoqhubeka.^(4,5)

Indlela yokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza

Ngokushesha ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kwesitatimende esithandekayo, abantu baqala ukuba nemibuzo, enye yazo ihlobene nendlela yokuthuthukisa umdlavuza.

Abaphenyi basazama ukuthola ukuthi inyama inyusa kanjani ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, yize bevele benokucabanga okuthile. Cishe, le ndaba isenyameni uqobo, ngokunembile, ezintweni eziqukethe. Inyama ebomvu ingumthombo we-hemoglobin… Lesi sakamuva siyiphrotheni ekhethekile ye-polymer, ehlanganisa ingxenye yamaprotheni kanye nengxenye yensimbi (i-heme). Ngesikhathi sokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi, ihlehliswa emathunjini, yakhe i-nitro compounds. Izinqubo ezinjalo zilimaza i-mucosa yamathumbu, ngenxa yalokho indlela yokuphindaphinda ibangelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo amaseli angomakhelwane.

Ngokombono wesayensi, noma yikuphi ukuphindaphinda amathuba amakhulu ephutha ku-DNA yeseli elikhulayo kanye nesinyathelo sokuqala esiya kumdlavuza. Futhi lokhu naphezu kokuthi imikhiqizo yenyama kungenzeka kakade iqukethe izinto ezandisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Inqubo yokupheka inyama yenza isimo sibe sibi. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu asuka ekushiseni noma ekukosani inyama nawo angaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwama-carcinogens enyameni.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ezinye izinhlobo nazo zifuna isiqinisekiso:

• abanye ososayensi banezizathu zonke zokukholelwa ukuthi yinsimbi eyimbangela yokuthuthukiswa kwesifo esibi;
• abanye baphikelela ngokuthi kubangelwa amagciwane ahlala emathunjini.

Kunoma ikuphi, akuyona nje ikhwalithi yenyama, ubuningi bayo. ⁽⁵⁾

iziphetho

Ukufingqa konke lokhu okungenhla, ochwepheshe bagxila eqinisweni lokuthi:

• I-50 g kuphela yemikhiqizo yenyamaukudliwa nsuku zonke kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamathumbu ngo-18%, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso lesayensi. Kunzima ukusho noma yini ngenani eliphakeme lenyama ebomvu edliwe, njengoba ucwaningo kule ndawo luqhubeka, kepha umqondo uphakamisa ukuthi i-100 g kuphela yomkhiqizo yanele ukukhulisa ubungozi bokuba nomdlavuza ngo-17%.
• Ngokuya ngemininingwane yephrojekthi "Umthwalo wezifo emhlabeni jikelele»Ngonyaka emhlabeni abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-34 babulawa yi-oncology, ecasulwa ukusetshenziswa njalo kwemikhiqizo yenyama. Ngokuqondene nenyama ebomvu, ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi kungabangela ukufa komdlavuza abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-50 ngonyaka. Yiqiniso, lokhu akulutho uma kuqhathaniswa nokufa kwezinkulungwane ze-600 ngenxa yomdlavuza obangelwa ukubhema, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuhlungu obukhulu bokulahlekelwa kwezinkulungwane zemindeni amalungu ayo afakwe kule nombolo.⁽²⁾
• Indlela yokupheka inyama ayithinti i-carcinogenicity yayo... Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kochwepheshe, akufanele uyeke ukwelashwa okushisa esikhundleni semikhiqizo eluhlaza. Okokuqala, ayikho idatha eqondile mayelana nokungabi yingozi kwenyama eluhlaza, futhi, okwesibili, ukungabikho kokwelashwa okushisa kuyingozi yezifo ezithathelwanayo.
• Ngokuya ngomsebenzi owenziwayo, akukenzeki ukuthola iziphetho mayelana nokudla kwabantu asebevele benesifo somdlavuza wamathumbu.
• Ayikho idatha ngomphumela wezinkukhu nenyama yenhlanzi emzimbeni womuntu… Hhayi ngoba zingenabungozi, kepha kungenxa yokuthi azicwaningiswanga.
• Imiphumela etholakele akuyona inkulumo-ze eqondile yokushintshela ku-. Kokubili izinhlelo zokudla, imifino kanye nokudla inyama, kunezinzuzo nezinkinga zombili. Izifundo ezenziwa njengengxenye yalo msebenzi wesayensi azizange zibhekane nezingozi zezempilo ezibhekene nabantu abadla inyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwamanje akukwazi ukuphendula ngokunembile umbuzo wokuthi yini ewusizo kakhulu kumuntu ngokuhlola isimo sakhe esijwayelekile. Vele ngoba ngaphandle kokudla, abadla inyama nabadla imifino bangaba nokunye umehluko.⁽²⁾

Okunconywa yiWHO

Isikhathi eside abadla inyama bebengakwazi ukuvumelana nezitatimende ezinomsindo kangaka ze-WHO. Khonamanjalo, uTim Key, uprofesa wocwaningo lomdlavuza eNyuvesi yase-Oxford, uchaze ukuthi lo mbiko awusona isiqondiso sesenzo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu angathini, kodwa inyama ingumthombo wezinto ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise, ngakho-ke, akekho ocela ukuyikhipha ngokuphelele empilweni yakho ngobusuku bonke. Kulesi sigaba, i-IARC incoma kuphela ukuthi ubuyekeze ukudla kwakho futhi wehlise inani lenyama nemikhiqizo yenyama kuyo. (5)

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abameleli be-Union of Meat Producers bathi ukwenqatshwa kwemikhiqizo echazwe ngenhla akunakwenzeka ukusiza ukuvimbela umdlavuza, ngoba izimbangela zangempela zokuvela kwawo ukubhema notshwala. Ochwepheshe be-WHO bavuma, kodwa ucwaningo lwabo lwaqhubeka.

Sekudlule isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka kumenyezelwe lesi sitatimende esivusa amadlingozi. Ngenxa yalowo mbiko, abanye sebevele bashintshe izimpilo zabo, basusa inyama kuyo, abanye bathatha indlela yokulungisa, kanti abanye bavele bakunaka lokhu kwaziswa okusha. Isikhathi sizotshela ukuthi yikuphi okulungile kubo. Kulesi sigaba, ngithanda ukukhumbula amagama kaTim Key ukuthi ukudla okunempilo noma ikuphi kumayelana nokulinganisela. Futhi lokhu kusebenza kukho konke, kufaka phakathi inyama.⁽³⁾