I-Psychology

Isihloko esivela esahlukweni 3. Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo

Imfundo yasenkulisa iyindaba eyimpikiswano e-United States njengoba abaningi bengaqiniseki ngomthelela izinkulisa kanye nezinkulisa ezinawo ezinganeni ezincane; abaningi baseMelika bakholelwa nokuthi izingane kufanele zikhuliswe ngonina. Nokho, emphakathini lapho iningi lomama lisebenza khona, inkulisa iyingxenye yokuphila komphakathi; empeleni, inani elikhulu lezingane ezineminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala (43%) ezifunda enkulisa kunalezo ezikhuliswe emakhaya azo noma kwamanye amakhaya (35%).

Abacwaningi abaningi baye bazama ukunquma umthelela (uma ukhona) wemfundo yasenkulisa ezinganeni. Olunye ucwaningo olwaziwayo (Belsky & Rovine, 1988) lwathola ukuthi izinsana ezazinakekelwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora angu-20 ngesonto ngomunye umuntu okungeyena umama wazo zazingase zibe nokusondelana okwanele komama bazo; Nokho, le datha ibhekisela kuphela kubafana abancane abanonina abangazwelani nezingane zabo, bekholelwa ukuthi banomoya onzima. Ngokufanayo, uClarke-Stewart (1989) wathola ukuthi izinsana ezikhuliswe abanye abantu ngaphandle komama bazo mancane amathuba okuba zibe nobudlelwane obuqinile nonina kunezingane ezinakekelwa omama bazo (47% kanye nama-53 % ngokulandelana). Abanye abacwaningi baphethe ngokuthi ukukhula kwengane akuthintwa kabi ukunakekelwa kwekhwalithi okunikezwa abanye (Phillips et al., 1987).

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo ngemfundo yasenkulisa alugxilile kakhulu ekuqhathaniseni umthelela wenkulisa nokunakekelwa komama, kodwa emthelela wekhwalithi enhle nembi imfundo yangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, izingane ezanikezwa ukunakekelwa kwekhwalithi kusukela zisencane zatholakala zikwazi kangcono emphakathini esikoleni samabanga aphansi (Anderson, 1992; Field, 1991; Howes, 1990) kanye nokuzethemba okwengeziwe (Scan & Eisenberg, 1993) kunezingane. owaqala ukufunda enkulisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhuliswa ngendlela engeyinhle kungaba nomthelela omubi ekujwayelaneni nezimo, ikakhulukazi kubafana, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala ekhaya elingesihle neze (Garrett, 1997). Imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle kwekhaya ingamelana namathonya anjalo amabi (Phillips et al., 1994).

Iyini ikhwalithi yemfundo yangaphandle? Ziningana izici ezihlonziwe. Zihlanganisa inani lezingane ezikhuliswe endaweni eyodwa, isilinganiso senani labanakekeli nenani lezingane, uguquko olungavamile ekubunjweni kwabanakekeli, kanye nezinga lemfundo nokuqeqeshwa kwabanakekeli.

Uma lezi zici zivuma, abanakekeli bavame ukuba abanakekelayo futhi basabela kangcono ezidingweni zezingane; futhi bayakwazi ukusebenzelana nezingane, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izingane zithola amaphuzu aphezulu ezivivinyweni zokuthuthuka kwengqondo nezenhlalo (Galinsky et al., 1994; Helburn, 1995; Phillips & Whitebrook, 1992). Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izinkulisa ezihlomele kahle nezihlukahlukene zinomthelela omuhle ezinganeni (uScarr et al., 1993).

Ucwaningo olukhulu lwakamuva lwezingane ezingaphezu kwe-1000 ezinkulisa eziyishumi luthole ukuthi izingane ezifunda ezinkulisa ezingcono (ezilinganiswa izinga lamakhono othisha kanye nenani lokunakwa komuntu ngamunye ezinganeni) empeleni zithole impumelelo enkulu ekuzuzeni ulimi nasekuthuthukiseni amakhono okucabanga. . kunezingane eziphuma endaweni efanayo ezingayitholi imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle kwekhaya. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezivela emindenini ehola kancane (Garrett, 1997).

Ngokuvamile, kungathiwa izingane azithinteki kakhulu ekukhulisweni kwabantu ngaphandle komama. Noma yimiphi imiphumela engemihle ivame ukuba ngokomzwelo ngokwemvelo, kuyilapho imiphumela emihle ivame ukuhlalisana; umthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo ngokuvamile muhle noma ungekho. Kodwa-ke, le datha ibhekisela kuphela emfundweni yangaphandle yezinga eliphezulu ngokwanele. Ukungakhuliswa kahle kwabazali kuvame ukuba nomthelela omubi ezinganeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isimo sasekhaya.

Izinkulisa ezihlome kahle ezinabanakekeli abanele bezingane kutholakale ukuthi zinomthelela omuhle ekukhuleni kwezingane.

Youth

Ubusha yinkathi yenguquko kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya ekubeni umuntu omdala. Imikhawulo yobudala ayichazwanga ngokuqinile, kodwa cishe ihlala eminyakeni eyi-12 kuye kweyi-17-19, lapho ukukhula ngokomzimba sekuphelile. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, insizwa noma intombazane ifinyelela ukuthomba futhi iqala ukuzibona njengomuntu ohlukene nomkhaya. Bona →

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