Iyini i-gestalt ku-psychology futhi kungani uyivala?

Isiphi isiqondiso esidumile ku-psychology Gestalt therapy? Mayelana namasu akhe, imiphumela ye-gestalts engaphelele ebuhlotsheni kanye nezinzuzo zama-gestal avaliwe.

Background

I-Gestalt therapy iyindlela yengqondo eyimfashini, ukuqala kwayo kwavela ngo-1912. I-Gestalt ngokwezwi nezwi isho "ifomu" noma "isibalo" ngesiJalimane. Umqondo ngokwawo wethulwa isazi sefilosofi sase-Austria kanye nesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Christian von Ehrenfels ngo-1890 esihlokweni sakhe esithi "On Quality of Form". Kuyo, wagcizelela ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukuxhumana ngqo nezinto ezibonakalayo: sizibona ngosizo lwezinzwa (ikakhulukazi umbono) futhi sizicwengisise ekuqapheleni. 

Usosayensi akazange ahlanganyele ekuthuthukisweni okwengeziwe kwethiyori, futhi umqondo weGestalt wathathwa ochwepheshe bezengqondo abathathu baseJalimane bokuhlola - uMax Wertheimer, uWolfgang Keller noKurt Koffka. Bafunda izici ezingavamile zombono womuntu futhi bazibuza lo mbuzo: kungani umuntu ekhetha okuthile okuqondile, “okwakhe” kuzo zonke izenzakalo nezimo ezihlukahlukene? Ngakho-ke kwazalwa isiqondiso se-Gestalt Psychology, isimiso esiyinhloko esiwubuqotho!

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wonke umuntu wayethanda indlela entsha, ngenxa yesimo sezombangazwe, ayizange ithuthuke. Ababili kwabasunguli bezengqondo, abangamaJuda ngemvelaphi, baphoqeleka ukuba bafuduke besuka eJalimane baya e-United States ngo-1933. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuziphatha kwakubusa eMelika (ukutadisha nokuguqulwa kokuziphatha komuntu nezilwane ngokusebenzisa izikhuthazo: imivuzo nezijeziso. - Forbes Life), kanye ne-Gestalt psychology ayizange ibe nezimpande.

Ezinye izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zabuyela embonweni kaGestalt - uFrederick Perls (owaziwa nangokuthi uFritz Perls), uPaul Goodman noRalph Hefferlin. Ngo-1957 bashicilela i-Gestalt Therapy, Arousal and Growth of the Human Personality. Lo msebenzi oyisikhumbuzo waphawula ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwangempela kwesiqondiso.

Avelaphi ama-gestalts?

Ake sibuyele emuva ku-Gestalt psychology. Yavela ngo-1912, enkathini lapho izindlela zesayensi yezinzwa yesimanje zingekho. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukuthi iyini ngempela i-gestalt nokuthi iyini imvelo yayo, kwakungenzeka kuphela ngokomqondo. Noma kunjalo, inkolelo-mbono ye-Gestalt yayibusa ukucwaninga kombono phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, izazi ze-neurophysiologist u-David Hubel no-Thorsten Wiesel baqala ukuqopha ama-neuron ngayinye ku-cortex ebonakalayo yamakati nezinkawu. Kwavela ukuthi i-neuron ngayinye iphendula ngokuqinile kwenye impahla yesithombe: i-engeli yokujikeleza nokuma, isiqondiso sokunyakaza. Abizwa ngokuthi “ama-feature detectors”: ama-line detectors, ama-edge detectors. Umsebenzi waba yimpumelelo kakhulu, futhi uHubel noWiesel baklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel ngabo. Kamuva, kakade ekuhlolweni kwabantu, kwatholakala ama-neurons asabela ekuvuseleleni okuyinkimbinkimbi - izitholi zobuso ngisho nobuso obuthile (odumile "Jennifer Aniston neuron").

Ngakho-ke umqondo weGestalt wathathelwa indawo indlela yokubusa. Noma iyiphi into iyisethi yezici, ngayinye enesibopho seqembu layo lama-neurons. Ngalo mqondo, sonke isithombe amaGestaltists akhulume ngaso siwukuvula ama-neuron asezingeni eliphezulu.

Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezazilula kangako. Ukuhlola kwakamuva kubonise ukuthi sivamise ukubamba isithombe sonke ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunezinto ezingazodwana. Uma uboniswa isithombe sokuqala sebhayisikili ingxenyana yomzuzwana, khona-ke uzobika ngokuzethemba ukuthi ulibonile ibhayisikili, kodwa cishe ngeke usho ukuthi linamapedali. Iziphetho zikhulume ngokuba khona komphumela we-gestalt. Lokhu kuphambene nomqondo wokuquleka kwama-neurons abona izimpawu ukusuka kokulula kuye kweziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Njengempendulo, kwavela ithiyori ye-reverse hierarchy - uma sibheka okuthile, ama-neurons anesibopho sesithombe esikhulu asabela ngokushesha, futhi lawo abona imininingwane adonswa ngemuva kwawo. Le ndlela yayisondele kumqondo weGestalt, kodwa isashiya imibuzo. Ngokwethiyori, kunezinketho eziningi ngokungenamkhawulo zalokho okungase kuvele phambi kwamehlo ethu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubonakala sengathi ubuchopho bazi kusengaphambili ukuthi yiziphi izinzwa okufanele zisebenze.

Lokhu “kusengaphambili” kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthinta komzimba. Sikhuluma ngomunye wemibono yokuphumelela kakhulu ekuqondeni umsebenzi wobuchopho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 nelama-21 - ukufaka amakhodi okubikezela. Ubuchopho abugcini nje ukubona futhi bucubungule ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubikezela okwenzekayo “ngaphandle” bese eqhathanisa isibikezelo neqiniso. Ukubikezela yilapho ama-neurons ezinga eliphezulu ethumela amasignali kuma-neuron ezingeni eliphansi. Labo-ke, bathola izimpawu ezivela ngaphandle, ezinzwa, futhi bazithumele "esitezi esiphezulu", babike ukuthi izibikezelo zihluka kangakanani eqinisweni.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wobuchopho ukunciphisa iphutha ekubikezeleni iqiniso. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, i-gestalt iyenzeka.

I-Gestalt umcimbi, hhayi into emile. Cabanga ukuthi ama-neuron "angaphezulu" ahlangana nama-neuron "aphansi" futhi avumelane ngokuthi iqiniso liyini endaweni ethile ngesikhathi esithile. Sebevumelene baxhawulane. Lokhu kuxhawula kungama-millisecond angamakhulu ambalwa ubude futhi kuzoba yi-gestalt.

Ubuchopho ngeke ngempela buguqule izibikezelo. Angase futhi angasinaki iqiniso. Khumbula ukwelashwa kwe-Gestalt nezidingo: zingaba khona ezingeni lakudala kakhulu. Esikhathini esedlule, ukuqaphela into ethile kwakusho ukubona umhlaseli kusenesikhathi futhi ungadliwa, noma uthole into edliwayo futhi engabulawa yindlala. Kuzo zombili izimo, umgomo uwukuzivumelanisa neqiniso, hhayi ukulichaza ngokunemba okukhulu.

Imodeli yokubikezela iyimodeli yempumelelo ye-Gestalt psychology

Uma imodeli yokubikezela isebenza, umzimba uthola ukuqiniswa okuhle. Ngakho-ke, kunezimo ezimbili ezingenzeka lapho umphumela we-gestalt ungenzeka:

• Isibikezelo silungile - ngokuzumayo sibe nesithombe esiphelele, kukhona umphumela othi "aha". Lokhu kuqiniswa ukukhululwa kwe-dopamine. Uma ubona ubuso obujwayelekile esixukwini noma ekugcineni uqonda lokho obungakwazi ukukuqonda isikhathi eside - lona umphumela we-"aha". Kuyo kwakhiwa ubuciko obuhlala buphula lokho esikulindele.
• Isibikezelo sisafana - thina, njengokungathi, sibona ngokuzenzakalelayo izinto ezicatshangwayo, unxantathu ofanayo. Kukhona futhi umqondo kulokhu - ubuchopho abusebenzisi amandla engeziwe ukulungisa imodeli yomhlaba. Lokhu kuboniswe ekuhlolweni. Imiphumela ye-Gestalt ihambisane nokuncipha komsebenzi ezindaweni ezihambisanayo ze-visual cortex.

Izithombe ezibonisa umphumela we-gestalt, njengamanye ama-optical illusions amaningi, zisebenzisa lezi zimakhenikha. Bazama ukugqekeza uhlelo lwethu lokubona. I-"Rubin Vase" noma "Necker Cube" iphoqa ubuchopho ukuthi buhlale bulungisa izibikezelo futhi buvuse uchungechunge lwe "aha-effects". Onxantathu abacatshangelwayo, amavolumu, imibono, ngokuphambene nalokho, bagxile kakhulu ekuboneni futhi basebenze kahle kakhulu esikhathini esidlule kangangokuthi ubuchopho bukhetha ukuthembela kubo kunokuba ngokoqobo.

Umqondo we-Gestalt uvula iwindi ngesakhiwo sombono wethu. Intuthuko yakamuva ocwaningweni lobuchopho iphakamisa ukuthi umhlaba wethu ngamunye uwuhlobo lokubona izinto ezingekho okulawulwayo. Akubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi "imephu yendawo" yethu yangaphakathi iyahambisana yini nendawo yeqiniso, uma isivumela ukuthi sanelise zonke izidingo. Uma ingavumeli, ubuchopho benza izinguquko ezidingekayo.

Usosayensi u-Anil Seth ukhuluma ngalokho okubizwa “ngemibono eqondisiwe”

Ama-Gestalt avela emngceleni wokuxhumana phakathi kwemodeli yethu yomhlaba kanye neqiniso. Basiza ukubona umhlaba ngobuqotho bawo.

I-Gestalt therapy iphinde ikhulume ngombono obalulekile weqiniso kanye nomngcele wokuxhumana nomhlaba. Kodwa ngokungafani ne-psychology ye-Gestalt, akukhona mayelana nombono wonxantathu noma ngisho nobuso, kodwa mayelana nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi - ukuziphatha, izidingo kanye nezinkinga ngokuneliseka kwabo. Ngenxa yentuthuko yakamuva ocwaningweni lobuchopho namamodeli ekhompyutha ayinkimbinkimbi, sinokuqonda okungcono kwemvelo yama-gestal.

Kukhona ithuba lokuthi esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo lokhu kuzosiza abantu ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibaluleke ngempela kubo futhi bavale ama-gestal amadala.

Yini i-gestalt

"I-Gestalt iwuhlobo lwesakhiwo esiphelele, isithombe esinezingxenye eziningi, izimpawu, ezihlanganiswe zibe umfanekiso owodwa," kusho isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, i-gestalt therapist kanye nothisha u-Olga Lesnitskaya. Uchaza ukuthi isibonelo esihle se-gestalt yingxenye yomculo engashintshwa ibe izihluthulelo ezahlukene, okuzokwenza ukuthi wonke amanothi ashintshe, kodwa ngeke ayeke ukuqaphela - sonke isakhiwo sizohlala sinjalo. Uma kudlalwa ucezu lomculo, umlaleli uba nomuzwa wokuphelela, ubuqotho befomu. Futhi uma umculi eqeda ukusebenza kwakhe ku-penultimate, ngokuvamile evelele, khona-ke umlaleli uzoba nomuzwa wokungapheleli, ukumiswa nokulindela. "Lesi yisibonelo se-gestalt engaqediwe, engavaliwe," kugcizelela uchwepheshe. 

Isibonelo se-gestalt engaphelele wumdlalo umuntu obewulungiselela isikhathi eside, kodwa akazange alokothe ​​aphume ayozibonakalisa.

Uma sidlulisela lesi singathekiso somculo empilweni, imicimbi kanye nezimo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-gestalts: ama-gestalts avaliwe abangela umuzwa wokwaneliseka, kamuva okhulula ukunakwa namandla okusha; okungavaliwe - qhubeka uthatha indawo engqondweni, uchitha amandla engqondo. 

Ngakho-ke, noma iyiphi inqubo engafinyeleleki, isifiso, inhloso, into engazange iphele ngendlela oyifunayo futhi ayizange ibangele isipiliyoni esihambisanayo, ibizwa ngokuthi i-gestalt engavaliwe yizazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ku-Gestalt technique. "Uma okuhlangenwe nakho kwakunamandla, khona-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izivikelo zengqondo zomuntu ziyamcindezela futhi zimkhiphe, ubunzima bokuhlangenwe nakho buyancipha, umuntu angase angakhumbuli ngisho nesimo," kuchaza uLesnitskaya. Isibonelo se-gestalt engaqediwe wukusebenza komuntu obekulungiselele isikhathi eside, kodwa engazange alokothe ​​ukuphuma futhi azibonise. Noma ubudlelwano obuhlulekile okungenzeka uma umuntu enquma ukusho amazwi othando. “Okunye, isibonelo, kungaba yinhlamba kubazali ngomcimbi othize, okubonakala sengathi usukhohliwe, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwaba yisiqalo sokunyusa ibanga.

Konke kuyamangalisa kakhulu kunezingxenye

Kunesithombe phambi kwakho. Uma ungenazo izinkinga zemizwa noma isikrini, khona-ke ubona ibhayisikili. Yibhayisikili njengento yonke, hhayi izingxenye zalo ezihlukene. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zithi ingqondo ijwayele ukwakha isithombe esiphelele -

gestalt

.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iqembu lezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zokuhlola - uMax Wertheimer, uWolfgang Köhler noKurt Koffka - bafunda izici zombono womuntu. Babenentshisekelo yokuthi sikwazi kanjani ukubona kahle lo mhlaba obonakala unesiphithiphithi, ovuselelayo futhi ongalindelekile. Umphumela womsebenzi wabo wawuyisiqondiso esisha - i-Gestalt psychology.

Igama elithi "Gestalt" lihunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi lisuka kusiJalimane ngokuthi "ifomu" noma "isibalo". NgesiRashiya kuzwakala njengokuthi "ubuqotho". Sibona, sithi, iculo njengomculo, hhayi njengeqoqo lemisindo ehlukene. Lesi simiso—sibizwa nge-holism—siwumgogodla we-Gestalt psychology. Njengoba uKurt Koffka abhala, konke okudalwe umbono wethu kuhluke kakhulu kunesamba sezingxenye zakhona. Hhayi nje ngaphezulu, kodwa qualitatively ezahlukene.

Kusuka kuwo wonke amasiginali, umbono wethu uveza isithombe esithile, bese okunye kuba isizinda saso. Ngokuqinisekile uhlangabezane ne "Rubin Vase" - isibonelo sakudala sezibalo ezijikelezayo.

I-Rubin vase iwumfanekiso wakudala wezibalo ezijikelezayo ezisetshenziswa ku-Gestalt psychology.

Kuyo ungabona i-vase noma amaphrofayili amabili, kodwa hhayi kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isibalo nesizinda singena ebuhlotsheni nomunye nomunye futhi sinikeze indawo entsha.

I-Gestalt isithombe esiphelele “esisithatha” kuso sonke isikhala esizungezile.

“Umfanekiso nomhlabathi” akusona ukuphela kwesimiso sombono womuntu esichazwe izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ze-Gestalt.

Izimiso Gestalt

• Ukufana:izinto ezinobukhulu obufanayo, umbala, ukuma, ukuma zibonwa ndawonye.
• Ukusondela:Siqoqa izinto ezisondelene.
• Ukuvalwa:sizama ukuqedela umdwebo ukuze uthathe isimo sawo esigcwele
• Ukuhlangana: itkwanele ukuthi izinto zisondele ngesikhathi noma emkhathini ukuze sizibone njengesithombe esiphelele.

Izimiso ze-Gestalt zisebenza kahle, isibonelo, ekuklanyeni. Lapho ikhasi lewebhu noma

uhlelo lokusebenza alubekwe kahle — amafonti angalungile akhethiwe , izinto azihlelwanga kahle noma zihlelwe ngokungalungile — uzoba nomuzwa wokuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle lapha, ngisho noma ungeyena umklami oqeqeshiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, njengakulesi sigaba.

Yini okudingeka ukwazi ngamaGestalts

• I-Gestalt isithombe esiphelele esenziwe ngokubona kwethu.Isithombe, ubuso bomuntu, ingoma noma umcabango ongabonakali, sibona ngokushesha nangokuphelele.
• I-Gestalt psychology ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ichaze izici eziningi zombono wethu.Isibonelo, sizihlanganisa kanjani izinto ezifanayo noma ezisondelene nje. Namuhla, le mithetho isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekuklanyeni nasekudwebeni.
• Ekhulwini lama-21, umqondo we-gestalt uphinde uheha isithakazelo, kulokhu kumongo wocwaningo lobuchopho.I-Gestalt ngomqondo obanzi ibonisa ukuthi ubuchopho budala kanjani imodeli yomhlaba. Ngokusebenzisa amasekhethi empendulo ye-neural, ubuchopho buhlala buqhathanisa ukubikezela nokungokoqobo. Ukuvuselelwa kwemodeli yeqiniso kuzala i-gestalt. Ngenxa yalokhu, sibona umhlaba njengowodwa futhi uphelele, hhayi njengeqoqo lezikhuthazi elinesiphithiphithi.
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Gestalt nakho kumayelana nombono ophelele womhlaba kanye nokuxhumana nemvelo.Kuphela lapha asikhulumi ngama-neural circuits, kodwa mayelana ne-psyche, ukuziphatha kanye nezidingo. I-psyche yomuntu ilwela ubuqotho, ibhalansi, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu ihlale idinga ukwanelisa izidingo futhi ihlangane nemvelo. Uma isidingo (noma yini ukusuka endlini yangasese ukuya ekusebenziseni uhlelo lweminyaka eminingi) saneliswa, i-gestalt kuthiwa ivaliwe.

Kusho ukuthini ukuvala igestalt

"Kubalulekile kithi ukuthi isithombe siphelele, siphelele," kusho udokotela we-psychopractitioner, i-Gestalt Therapist uMaria Kryukova. “Isibonelo, isithombe lapho unxantathu ungenawo amakhona, noma igama elibhalwe ngaphandle konkamisa, sisazosibona sisonke futhi siqonde ukuthi umbhali ubecabangani, silethe isithombe esiphelele ngokuzenzakalelayo. "Siqeda" abalahlekile. Yilesi simiso sokuphelela, esibizwa nangokuthi i-holism, esiwumgogodla we-Gestalt psychology.

Kungakho sizwa umculo njengomculo, hhayi njengeqoqo lemisindo, sibona isithombe sisonke, hhayi njengeqoqo lemibala nezinto. Ngokwendlela ye-Gestalt, ukuze umbono ube "olungile", kubalulekile ukuwuqeda, ukuwuqeda, ukuthola indawo ye-puzzle engekho futhi uthole iphazili ngokwayo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuvala i-gestalt kubalulekile. “Cabanga ngesimo lapho wome kakhulu. Futhi ingilazi yamanzi yilokho okudingayo manje, - unikeza isibonelo sokubaluleka kokuvala ama-gestalts ka-Kryukov. - Uzobheka le ngilazi yamanzi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ucabange ngesithombe oyifunayo emshinini - ingilazi noma ibhodlela, epholile noma efudumele, enocezu lukalamula noma kakade noma yikuphi, ekugcineni, uma kuphela amanzi. Futhi uma kunetafula phambi kwakho, eligcwele izitsha ozithandayo, amehlo akho asazofuna amanzi. Ukudla ngeke kwanelise isidingo samanzi. Kodwa uma uphuza isidingo sizokwaneliswa, i-gestalt izobhekwa njengephelele, iphelele. Isifiso sokuphuza sizolahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwaso. Futhi kuzovela isifiso esisha.

Izitho zangasese ezingaphelele ebudlelwaneni

Njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, izitho zangasese ezingavaliwe ziyenzeka nasebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu. Esinye sezibonelo ezicacile zalesi senzakalo isipiliyoni sokuhlukana noma ukulahlekelwa umuntu, lapho okuthile kuhlala kungacacile, kungashiwo. “Futhi-ke kuba nzima kakhulu ngomuntu ukudedela isithombe sothandekayo, ukuze asinde lapho behlukana,” kuchaza uLesnitskaya. “Usiphindaphinda ngokuphindaphindiwe isimo sokuhlukana, ecosha amagama angawashongo, ukunaka kwakhe namandla akhe kugxile kulolu hlelo.” Ngokusho kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa, lapho othandekayo edlula, ukulila isikhathi eside konyaka owodwa nengxenye kuya kwemibili kuyinqubo evamile ethatha isikhathi. Kodwa uma ukulila kuthatha iminyaka emihlanu, eyisikhombisa, eyi-10, singakhuluma ngomjikelezo ongaqediwe wokulahlekelwa, mayelana nokubambeka kukho. “Kunzima ukuvala igestalt ngoba umuntu akasekho kodwa amagama afuna ukuwasho akhona.

Lapho ehlukana nomlingani, umuntu angabuye akhulume ngokunamathela kanye ne-gestalt engavaliwe, uma iminyaka ihamba, futhi umuntu eqhubeka ekhumbula futhi ezwa imizwa yakudala, phenya izinketho zokuhlukana osekwenzekile kakade, noma izimo zokuqalisa kabusha. ubudlelwano. "Ukuhlukana nomuntu phakathi komusho, ngaphandle kokuphela kobudlelwane, ukunganaki - konke lokhu kungahlala nathi impilo yethu yonke, kubambeke enkumbulweni yethu futhi kube isilonda esophayo," kusho i-psychopractitioners.

Ngokuvamile kuba nama-gestals angaphelele ebudlelwaneni bomzali nengane

I-gestalt engavaliwe ebuhlotsheni bomndeni ingaba, isibonelo, isifiso sokulibaziseka futhi esingagcwaliseki sokuba nezingane, u-Lesnitskaya unikeza esinye isibonelo. Uma, isibonelo, omunye umlingani engakulungele noma engafuni ukuba nezingane, futhi omunye uyavuma, nakuba kuye, eqinisweni, kubalulekile ukuba umzali. Khona-ke lowo owenze izivumelwano, ngokuphindaphindiwe uhlangabezana nokucasuka, ukucasuka nokungabaza ngokubaluleka kobudlelwane kanye nokunemba kokukhetha kwakhe. 

Ngokuvamile kuba nama-gestals angaphelele ebudlelwaneni bomzali nengane. U-Kryukova uthi: “Kuphakama izimo lapho umuntu omdala engakwazi ukuthola ulimi oluvamile nabazali bakhe ngokunembile ngenxa yokungaphelele. “Kuyenzeka ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi kumuntu omdala, imizwa yentukuthelo nentukuthelo ngokuzumayo iba namandla kakhudlwana, azizwe enemizwelo engemihle maqondana nabazali bakhe,” kunezela uLesnitskaya. — Ngokwesibonelo, lapho iklayenti liseyingane, abazali balo abazange bafike bazolivakashela ngoSuku Lwabazali ekamu, noma bake bangalilanda enkulisa. Futhi manje yena, osekhulile kakade, uzizwa ecasukile ngisho nentukuthelo. Nakuba, kubonakala sengathi lesi simo senzeka kudala. 

I-Gestalt Engaqediwe: Isibonelo Nethonya

Cabanga, usebenzisa isibonelo sobudlelwano, ukuthi iyini i-gestalt engaphelele. Ukuhlukana, okwenzeka ekuqaleni komunye wozakwethu, njalo kubangela ukusabela okunobudlova kusukela kowesibili. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlukana okunjalo kuwela kumuntu kungazelelwe futhi kube sengathi kuwiswe phansi, okumphoqa ukuba ahlale ecabanga ngalokho okwenzekile, abuyele esikhathini esidlule futhi ahlaziye ukuthi yini engalungile. I-self-flagellation ingahlala isikhathi eside futhi iphenduke isimo sokucindezeleka.

Lokhu i-gestal engaphelele ebudlelwaneni , njengoba umlingani olahliwe wenza izinhlelo zekusasa, ezabhidlika ngokuphazima kweso, hhayi ngentando yakhe.

Ngokushesha le gestalt ivaliwe, ngokushesha umuntu uzokwazi ukubuyela ekuphileni okugcwele futhi aqale ukwakha ubuhlobo obusha ngaphandle komthelela omubi wangaphambili.

Noma iyiphi i-gestalt ilwela ukuqedwa kwayo, ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izenza izwakale ngokungazi kwethu. Izimo ezingaphelele zibambe amandla angokwengqondo omuntu, ngakho-ke zilawula izenzo zakhe.

Lokhu kwenzeka kanje : ezimweni ezintsha, umuntu uqala ukusabela ngokuvumelana namaphethini amadala, ephinda edala inkinga endala. Okuyingozi kakhulu yizitho zangasese ezicebile ngokomzwelo, ezingavalekile ezisala ngemva kokuhlukana.

Kungani ama-gestal angavaliwe eyingozi?

Ochwepheshe bakhuluma ngengozi ye-gestalts engavaliwe. “Ake sithi umuntu uke wabhekana nentukuthelo, kodwa akakwazanga noma akazange alokothe ​​aveze le ntukuthelo ngendlela efanele futhi eqondiswe kuyo. Angikwazanga ukuzivikela, ukuzivikela, ukukhombisa imizwa enamandla,” kusho uKryukova. - Ngenxa yalokho, isidingo sokuyiveza sizohlala singanelisekile, futhi i-gestalt izohlala ingaphelele. Umuzwa wokufutheka ongazange uphile kuze kube sekugcineni, uthatha amafomu afihlekile futhi acashile, uzohlupha umuntu. Ukucasuka kuzohlala ngaphakathi kuye, okuyohlala ecela ukuphuma, umuntu uzobheka izimo (noma aze azicasule) ukuze aveze ulaka, i-psychopractitioner ichaza. "Futhi, cishe, uzoveza ulaka kubantu abangahlangene nakancane nalokhu," kunezela u-Kryukova futhi unikeza isibonelo esiphambene - "i-encapsulation" yemizwelo kuye, lapho umuntu one-gestalt evulekile eqonda ukuthi abantu abaseduze. abanacala ngalutho, futhi akafuni ukukukhipha kubo. Kodwa “ukudla okusemathinini” okunjalo kuzoba nobuthi kumuntu ngaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenqaba okuphikelelayo nesikhathi eside kweminye yemizwa yabo, izifiso nobudlelwano, ekugcineni, kuholela ku-neurosis.

Okunye okulimazayo yimiphumela yokukhulelwa okungaphelele ebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu. “Uma umbhangqwana wehluleka ukuxoxa, ukuxoxa, ukufuna izindlela zokufeza izidingo zawo wonke umuntu, ukuvala isifuba bese udlulela kwentsha, khona-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imizwa yokunganeliseki, yokuphelelwa ithemba, ukungabi nanjongo, ukungezwani — futhi ngenxa yalokho imizwa yokungabi nalusizo kwawo. - buthelela, "kusho i-gestalt Therapist Lesnitskaya. Uchaza ukuthi kumuntu lokhu kusho ukuphela kobudlelwano - umuntu uyaziqhelelanisa futhi abashiye. Kwabanye, kungase kube nezimo eziningana zokuthuthukiswa: isibonelo, ukuba khona ngokomzimba, kodwa ukuhoxiswa ngokomzwelo, okuhambisana nokwanda kwezifo ze-psychosomatic. Esinye isimo izingxabano eziqhamuka ngaphandle kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yobuhlungu obunqwabelene, izimpi zomndeni, ezivulekile noma ngokuthinta ubudlova obungahleliwe, njll.

I-gestalt engaphelele izothinta umuntu, impilo yakhe, izinga lokuphila. Kungase kube nama-neuroses, izinkinga zokulala, ukugxila. "Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izinqubo ezingaphelele ziyingozi - azivumeli ukuqhubekela phambili," kufingqa u-Kryukova.

Indlela yokuvala i-gestalt

"Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukuvala i-gestalt akudingekile ngochwepheshe," kusho u-Lesnitskaya, kodwa wengeza ukuthi kungenziwa ngokuphumelelayo ngochwepheshe, ngoba uma i-gestalt ivaliwe, khona-ke kukhona okwakunganele ukuyiqeda. . “Isibonelo, amakhono, amakhono, izinsiza, ukwesekwa. Imvamisa obekuntula kulele endaweni umuntu angaboni kuyo. Futhi uchwepheshe ongabona lokhu futhi asize ukubuyisela ukucaca, ”kuchaza isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-gestalts akuyona indaba esheshayo, kudinga amandla athile, ulwazi kanye nentando, kodwa umphumela uwufanele.

Ngakho-ke, uyivala kanjani i-gestalt ngokwakho? Enye yezindlela "isihlalo esingenalutho". Uma kukhona imizwa engathandeki yomunye umuntu - umama, ubaba, umfowethu, owayengumlingani, umphathi, izihlobo ezihambile - khona-ke zingasetshenzwa ngosizo lwale nqubo. Khetha isikhathi nendawo lapho kungekho muntu ongakuphazamisa khona, beka izihlalo ezimbili ezibhekene endaweni eyimitha eyodwa nengxenye kuya kwamamitha amabili, uhlale kwesinye sazo bese ucabanga ukuthi umuntu uhlezi maqondana nawe ofuna ukukusho kuye. okuthile. Uma usulungile, qala ukusho noma yini onayo: ungamemeza, ufunge, ukhale, ubuze imibuzo. Bese uhlala esihlalweni sakhe futhi uzicabange udlala indima yalo muntu, uphendule izimangalo nemibuzo. Ngemva kwalokho, buyela esihlalweni sakho futhi ube nguwe futhi, lalela lokho okushiwo umkhulumeli kuwe futhi umphendule. Kungenzeka, 

"Le nqubo ingaholela ekuvaleni i-gestalt endala, noma ingaba isinyathelo sokuqala sokungena kwi-psychotherapy - icala ngalinye lingumuntu ngamunye, kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokhu," u-Lesnitskaya uphawula ngale nqubo. "Uma kuvela izigameko ezibuhlungu kakhulu, ngingancoma ukuthintana nomelaphi wakwaGestalt futhi ngiqhubeke nokusebenza ngosizo lukachwepheshe."

Ngokusho kukaKryukova, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-gestalts akuyona indaba esheshayo, kudinga amandla athile, ulwazi kanye nentando, kodwa umphumela uwufanele. "Ukusebenza nama-gestalts kubhubhisa i-automatism, okungukuthi, umkhuba wokwenza ngendlela ethile ezimweni zohlobo olufanayo, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi wenzani, kanjani futhi kungani wenza. Ngenxa yalokho, ukucabanga kwakho kuyashintsha, uqala ukuziphatha ngendlela ehlukile futhi uzizwe ngendlela ehlukile, ”kufingqa uchwepheshe.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Gestalt: kuyini, ubani okudingayo

Inhloso yokwelashwa kwe-Gestalt : ukufundisa umuntu ukuzibona njengomuntu ophelele, ukuzwa izifiso zakhe, izidingo zakhe, izinqubo zomzimba nezomzwelo emzimbeni.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izindlela eziyisisekelo zokwelapha gestalt lokho kusiza ukuvala isimo esidlule esithinta impilo yansuku zonke esikhathini samanje.

Umqondo oyisisekelo ekwelashweni kwe-Gestalt uthi Ukuqwashisa . Lokhu akukhona nje ukuzazi wena nezidingo zakho, kodwa futhi nomhlaba okuzungezile. Leli gama lixhumene nendlela ebizwa ngokuthi “lapha namanje”, ekuvumela ukuthi udedele izikhalo ezedlule, ungavumelani nezithakazelo zomunye umuntu, kodwa ube nguwe.

Ngokulandelayo, ukuqwashisa kuletha umuntu umthwalo wemfanelo, nakho okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwelapha. Umuntu othatha umthwalo wemfanelo uyaqaphela ukuthi ukuphila kwakheke ngesisekelo sezinqumo nezenzo zakhe. Ukusebenza ngezikhalo ezijulile, kanye nezimo ezingazange zibe nesiphetho sazo esinengqondo, kusiza ukuhamba ngendlela yokuqwashisa nomthwalo wemfanelo.

Yini Ongayilindela Kudokotela We-Gestalt

Umelaphi we-Gestalt ukhetha i-optics ukuze ukwazi ukubhekana nesimo futhi usibheke ngelinye iso. Ndawonye nihlola ukuthi yini evela emkhathini—hhayi nje imizwa yeklayenti, kodwa ukusabela komelaphi.

Futhi, umelaphi we-Gestalt angakwazi futhi kufanele abelane ngempendulo yakhe endabeni. Lokhu okokwenza ukuthi wazi kangcono imizwa ekhulunywayo.

Ingabe uyawavala ama-gestal?