I-viscera yesisu yizo zonke izitho ezitholakala emgodini wesisu. Zonke lezi zitho zidlala indima emisebenzini emithathu ebalulekile: ukugaya, ukuhlanzwa kanye nokuzala. Bangathinteka yizifo ezithile ezivamile (ukuvuvukala, izimila, ukukhubazeka) noma ukungahambi kahle okuqondene ngqo nesitho ngasinye. 

I-viscera yesisu yizo zonke izitho ezitholakala emgodini wesisu.

I-viscera yomgudu wokugaya ukudla

• Isisu: isitho esingenalutho esinemisipha esimise ubhontshisi, sitholakala phakathi komminzo kanye nethumbu elincane;
• Ithumbu elincane: lihlanganisa ingxenye elinganiselwe, i-duodenum, ehlanganiswe ne-pancreas, kanye nengxenye ehambayo, i-jejuno-ileum eyakhiwe ngama-loops amathumbu angu-15 noma angu-16 e-U ahlangene ngemva komunye;
• Ikholoni, noma ithumbu elikhulu, liphakathi kwamathumbu amancane kanye ne-rectum;
• I-rectum ingxenye yokugcina ye-digestive tract.

I-viscera exhunywe emgudwini wokugaya ukudla 

• Isibindi: esingaphansi kwe-diaphragm, siyisitho esikhulu kunazo zonke emzimbeni womuntu. Inonxantathu ngokwakheka kwayo, inombala onsundu ngokubomvu, ishwabene futhi iyashwabana, futhi ingaphezulu layo libushelelezi. Yakhiwe ngamalobe amane;
• Isinyongo: isinye esincane esitholakala ngaphansi kwesibindi, sixhunywe emgudwini omkhulu we-bile (elinye lamapayipi akhipha inyongo efihliwe isibindi) ngomgudu we-cystic;
• I-pancreas: etholakala ngemuva kwesisu, le ndlala inezitho ezimbili ezinemfihlo yangaphakathi nengaphandle;
• Ubende: isitho esithambile, esithambile esingangenqindi, sitholakala ngezansi nje kwezimbambo;
• Izinso: izitho ezimnyama ezimise okwebhontshisi ezibomvu, ezitholakala nhlangothi zombili zomgogodla. Iyunithi eyisisekelo yokusebenza kwezinso, ebizwa ngokuthi i-nephron, yakhiwe isitho sokuhlunga (i-glomerulus) nesitho sokuhlambulula nokugxilisa umchamo (i-tubule).

Isitho sangasese sowesifazane, isibeletho kanye nezitho ezisizayo (isinye, i-prostate, urethra) ziyi-viscera ye-urogenital.

I-viscera yesisu ibandakanyeka emisebenzini emithathu ebalulekile:

Ukugaya ukudla

Emgudwini wokugaya ukudla, ukudla okufakiwe kuguqulwa kube amakhemikhali alula angangena egazini.

• Isisu senza umsebenzi okabili: umsebenzi wemishini (ukudla okunyakazayo) kanye nomsebenzi wamakhemikhali (isisu siqukethe i-hydrochloric acid ebulala inzalo ukudla, futhi ifihla i-pepsin, i-enzyme ephula amaprotheni. );
• Emathunjini, ama-enzyme amathumbu (lawo akhiqizwa amanyikwe) kanye ne-bile ekhishwa isibindi iguqula amaprotheni, ama-lipids nama-carbohydrate abe yizakhi ezingafakwa ngumzimba;
• Ikholoni yindawo lapho ukugaya kuphelela khona ngenxa yesenzo sezitshalo ezincane lapho. Kuphinde kube isitho sokugcina lapho izinsalela zokudla zinqwabelana khona;
• I-rectum igcwala indle equkethwe kukholoni, okuholela esidingweni sokuphuma.

Isibindi siphinde sibandakanyeke ekugayeni ukudla:

• Ilawula ushukela wegazi ngokuguqula i-glucose eyeqile ibe yi-glycogen;
• Idiliza ama-acids anamafutha okudla abe yimikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu lamandla;
• Ibamba ama-amino acid akha amaprotheni bese iwagcina noma iwadedele angene egazini ngokwezidingo zomzimba.

Ukuhlanzwa

Imfucuza noma izinto ezinobuthi eziqukethwe emzimbeni ziqedwa:

• Isibindi, esigxile enyongweni izinto okufanele zikhishwe lapho sihlanze igazi elidlule kuso;
• Izinso, eziqeda imfucumfucu ene-nitrogen kanye nobuthi obuncibilika emanzini ngokwenza umchamo;
• Isinye, esiqoqa umchamo ukuze sikhishwe.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Isitho sangasese sowesifazane nesibeletho yi-viscera ebandakanyeka ekuzaleni.

Isisu singathinteka yizinto ezilandelayo ezingavamile kanye nama-pathologies:

• Noma yisiphi isilonda esiswini singaholela ekulimaleni kwesisu, esibonakaliswa yizinkontileka kanye nokuba khona komoya emgodini wesisu.
• I-Gastritis: ukuvuvukala okungapheli noma okuhlukanisiwe kolwelwesi lwesisu
• Isilonda sesisu: ukulahlekelwa yizinto ezivela olwelweni lwesisu
• Izimila: zingaba yingozi noma zibe nomdlavuza
• Ukopha esiswini: lokhu kungadalwa yizilonda, umdlavuza, noma i-gastritis ebophayo

Amathumbu angathinteka yizimo eziningana ezingaholela ekuvinjweni, isifo sohudo, noma iphutha enqubweni yokuhambisa ukudla ngokusebenzisa umgoqo wamathumbu (malabsorption):

• Ukungajwayelekile kokuzalwa kwe-anatomical njengokuncipha noma ukungabikho kwengxenye yamathumbu (i-congenital atresia)
• Izicubu
• Ukusonteka kwamathumbu ezungeze iphuzu lokunamathiselwe (volvulus)
• Ukuvuvukala kwamathumbu (enteritis)
• Isifo sofuba samathumbu
• I-infarction yamathumbu noma i-mesenteric (ukubuyela emuva kwe-peritoneum equkethe izitsha ezondla amathumbu)

I-colon ingathinteka yi-pathologies elandelayo:

• Ukuvuvukala kwekholoni ye-bacterial, toxic, parasitic, viral noma imvelaphi ye-autoimmune. Kungaba nohudo, kwesinye isikhathi kube nemfiva
• Izimila kubonakaliswa ukopha, ukuhlaselwa ukuqunjelwa noma ngisho ukuvinjelwa emathunjini
• I-colopathy esebenzayo, ngaphandle kokulimala kokusebenza, ekhombisa ukuphazamiseka noma isifo sohudo.

Ama-pathologies athinta i-rectum ami kanje:

• Ukulimala okudabukisayo okubangelwa imizimba yangaphandle, amaphrojekthi noma ukubethelwa
• Ukuvuvukala kwe-rectum (i-proctitis): kaningi ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwe-hemorrhoid, kungaba futhi okwesibili emisebe yokwelapha ye-pelvis.
• I-Benign (polyps) noma izicubu zomdlavuza

Ama-pathologies amaningi atholakala esibindini:

• I-Hepatitis ukuvuvukala kwesibindi semvelaphi enobuthi, igciwane, ibhaktheriya noma i-parasitic
• I-Cirrhosis yisifo esiwohlokayo sezicubu zesibindi ngenxa yokudakwa (80% wamacala) noma ezinye izimo (isifo sokusha kwesibindi, isifo sikaWilson, ukuvinjwa kwamapayipi enyongo, njll.)
• Iziyaluyalu ze-parasitic, kuhlanganise nesifo se-fluke sesibindi ngokuvamile esitholakala ekudleni i-watercress yasendle
• Amathumba esibindi emvelaphi ye-parasitic noma amagciwane
• I-Benign tumors (i-cholangiomas, i-fibroids, i-hemangiomas)
• Umdlavuza wesibindi oyinhloko ovela kumaseli wesibindi

Isibindi singabuye sithinteke ngesikhathi sezifo zenhliziyo (ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, i-pericarditis, i-arterial embolism, i-thrombosis, njll.) kanye nezifo ezihlukahlukene ezijwayelekile, njenge-granulomatosis, i-thesaurismosis, i-glycogenosis noma umdlavuza wezinye izitho, zingatholakala esibindi. Ekugcineni, izingozi ze-hepatic zingabonwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Izinso zingathinteka yizimo ezihlukene ezihlukaniswa ngokwezicubu ezilimele kanye nohlobo lwesilonda:

• I-glomerulopathies eyinhloko, ehlanganisa i-glomerulus, ingaba nempilo futhi yesikhashana kuyilapho abanye bengaqhubekela ekuhlulekeni okungapheli kwezinso. Ziphumela ekuqedweni okubaluleke kakhulu noma okungabalulekile emchameni wamaprotheni ngokuvamile agcinwe yi-glomerulus. Zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuphuma komchamo oqukethe igazi (hematuria) futhi ngezinye izikhathi nomfutho wegazi ophezulu;
• I-glomerulopathies yesibili ibonakala ngesikhathi sezifo ezijwayelekile ezifana ne-renal amyloidosis noma isifo sikashukela;
• I-Tubulopathies ukulimala kwe-tubule okungaba kubi uma kubangelwa ukugwinya into enobuthi, noma engapheli. Esimweni sesibili, zibangela ukukhubazeka komsebenzi owodwa noma ngaphezulu kwe-tubular 
• Izimo zezinso ezithinta izicubu ezisekelayo eziphakathi kwezinso ezimbili, ezibizwa nge-interstitial nephropathies, zivame ukubangelwa yisifo somgudu womchamo;
• Izimo ezithinta imithambo yezinso, ezibizwa nge-vascular nephropathies, zingaholela ku-nephrotic syndrome noma umfutho wegazi ophakeme. 
• Ukukhubazeka kwezinso njenge-hypoplasia (ukwehluleka ekuthuthukiseni izicubu noma isitho) noma i-polycystosis (ukuvela okuqhubekayo kwama-cyst eduze kwe-tubule) kuvamile. 
• Ukwehluleka kwezinso ukuncipha noma ukucindezelwa komsebenzi wokuhlanza izinso. Kuholela ekwandeni kwe-urea ne-creatinine (ukumoshakala kwe-metabolism) egazini, okuvame ukuvela edema nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. 
• Izinso zingaphinde zithinteke yizimo zokuhlinzwa ezifana nokuhlukumezeka ngenxa yokushaqeka esifundeni esise-lumbar, izifo noma izilonda zesimila. 
• I-Nephroptosis (noma izinso ezehlayo) yisifo esibonakala ngokuhamba okungavamile kanye nokuma okuphansi kwezinso.

Isitho sangasese sowesifazane singathinteka ngenxa yokukhubazeka okuzalwa nakho (ukungabi bikho ngokuphelele noma okuncane kwesitho sowesifazane sangasese, ukwahlukana), izicubu zesitho sangasese sowesifazane noma ama-fistula adala ukuthi isitho sangasese sowesifazane sixhumane nomgudu wokugaya noma umgudu wokuchama. Isimo sokuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, esibizwa ngokuthi yi-vaginitis, siphumela ekuphumeni okumhlophe, ukushiswa, ukulunywa, nokungaphatheki kahle lapho uya ocansini.

Isibeletho singase sibe nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa (okuphindwe kabili, okuhlukanisiwe, noma kwe-unicornuate uterus) okungase kubangele ukungazali, ukukhishwa kwezisu, noma izethulo ze-fetus ezingavamile. Ingaveza ukungahambi kahle kwesimo, noma kube isizinda sezifo noma izimila eziyingozi noma eziyingozi.

Isinye singaba sibuhlungu. Ukwehla kwesilinganiso sokugeleza komchamo kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwamatshe esinyeni. Izimila zesinye ngokuvamile zivela njengomchamo onegazi.

I-urethra ingaba indawo ye-stricture, itshe noma isimila.

Isimo esivame kakhulu se-prostate i-prostatic adenoma, isimila esiyingozi esibonakala njengokwanda kwemvamisa yokuchama, izinguquko ephethinini, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokugcinwa komchamo kakhulu. I-prostate ingaba yindawo yomdlavuza noma ukuvuvukala.

Ukuphazamiseka kohlelo lokugaya ukudla (isisu, amathumbu, ikholoni, i-rectum, isibindi, amanyikwe, inyongo, ubende) konke kulawulwa yi-gastroenterologist. Uma kwenzeka kuba nezinkinga ezithile zamangqamuzana, kungenzeka uthintane no-proctologist (onguchwepheshe ku-rectum ne-anus). I-Pathologies yesibindi, i-spleen kanye ne-bile ducts ingabhekwana nayo ngokuqondile nguchwepheshe kulezi zitho, i-hepatologist.

Ukuphathwa kwezokwelapha kwe-pathologies yezinso kunikezwa i-nephrologist, kanye ne-pathologies yesistimu yezitho zangasese zowesifazane (i-vagin, isibeletho) yi-gynecologist.

Izifo ezihlobene ne-urinary tract (isinye, i-urethra) kanye nezitho zangasese zowesilisa (i-prostate) zilawulwa udokotela oyi-urologist. Lesi sakamuva sinikeza nokuphathwa kokuhlinzwa kwezifo zezinso noma kwesitho sowesifazane sangasese.

Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo

Kubandakanya ukushaya kwenhliziyo nokushaywa kwesisu okungenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona izinguquko ezinkulu kumthamo nokuvumelana kwesibindi, noma ukubona izinso ezinkulu.

Ukuhlola okusebenzayo

Kukhona isethi yonke yokuhlola ukuhlola ukuthi i-viscera yesisu ehlukene isebenza kanjani.

Umsebenzi we-secretory we-pancreas ungahlolwa ngalezi:

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-enzyme (amylase) egazini nasemchamweni
• Ishubhu le-Duodenal: i-probe yethulwa ku-duodenum ukuze iqoqe ushukela we-pancreatic otholwe ngemuva kokugqugquzelwa kokuphuma kwendlala.
• Ukuhlolwa kwendle: ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-pancreatic kubangela ukungagayeki kahle okuholela ekubeni kube nendle eningi, enamathiselwe kanye nenamafutha.

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kwezinso kuhlanganisa:

• Ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali omchamo ukuze kutholakale ukuqedwa kwamaprotheni emchameni okubonisa ukungasebenzi komsebenzi wokuhlunga we-glomerulus.
• Urea kanye nokuhlolwa kwegazi kwe-creatinine ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwegazi lokuhlanza izinso

I-X-ray yesisu

• Ukubona imizimba yangaphandle esiswini
• Umdlavuza wesisu
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-radiological yesisu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugqamisa ukuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwesisu

I-radiography yokugaya ukudla

Kuqukethe ukugwinya umkhiqizo opaque kuma-X-ray nokufunda ukuqhubeka kwalo mkhiqizo ngesisu, isisu, i-duodenum ne-bile ducts. Ivumela ucwaningo lwe-morphological lwezindonga zangaphakathi zalezi zitho ezahlukene. Ukuzila ukudla kubalulekile ukuvumela umkhiqizo ukunamathela ezindongeni zokugaya ukudla. Isetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa kokuphuma kwesisu.

I-Endoscopy

Lokhu kuhlola kuhlanganisa ukwethula ishubhu lokubona elifakwe isistimu yokukhanyisa endaweni ukuze liyihlole. Lapho i-endoscopy iwukubuka isisu, i-duodenum, isibindi, noma izitho zangasese, ukuhlolwa kubizwa ngokuthi i-esogastroduodenal endoscopy noma “i-esogastroduodenal endoscopy, futhi ishubhu lifakwa emlonyeni. Lapho kwenziwa ukubuka i-colon, isibindi, isinye, noma i-rectum, i-endoscope yethulwa nge-anus. I-Endoscopy yenziwa ikakhulukazi ukuze kuhlonzwe ukopha kwesisu, umdlavuza wesisu, isimila sekholoni, isifo sekholoni esivuvukalayo, ukungahambi kahle kwesibindi, njll.

I-Scantigraphy

Ebizwa nangokuthi i-gamma radiography, ihlanganisa ukuhlola isitho ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwezinga laso lezakhi zamakhemikhali ezikhipha imisebe ye-gamma. Ngenxa yomtshina we-ray onyakazayo ngenkathi iskena indawo ezocutshungulwa, isithombe sesitho sitholwa lapho ukuminyana kwe-radioactive kukhombisa ingxenye yento engashintshi. I-scintigraphy isetshenziselwa ukuhlola:

• Isibindi. Kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugqamisa ama-cysts, amathumba, izicubu noma imastastases.
• Izinso. Ivumela ukuqhathanisa ukulinganisa kwezinso ezimbili.