Umdlali wopiyano onekhono owehluleka ukuba yi-virtuoso. Umbhali onekhono ongakashicileli neyodwa inoveli. I-Idealist neyothando, inhlekisa kanye nobuhlakani. Umqambi okwazi ukudweba ngomculo futhi enze i-tonic neyesihlanu ikhulume ngezwi lomuntu. Konke lokhu uRobert Schumann, umqambi omkhulu waseJalimane nomhlaziyi womculo okhaliphile, iphayona lenkathi yezothando emculweni waseYurophu.
Ingane enhle
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu, ekuqaleni kwehlobo ngoJuni 8, 1810, emndenini wembongi u-August Schumann wazalelwa ingane yesihlanu. Umfana wayebizwa ngokuthi uRobert futhi kwakuhlelwe ikusasa, eliholela ekuphileni okunempilo nokuphumelelayo. Ngaphandle kwezincwadi, uyise wayematasa nokushicilela izincwadi futhi walungiselela indodana yakhe indlela efanayo. Umama wayephupha ngasese ukuthi ummeli uzokhula kuSchumann omncane.
URobert wathathwa ngokungathí sina yimisebenzi kaGoethe noByron, wayenesitayela esijabulisayo sokwethula nesipho esasimvumela ukuba aveze ngokuphelele izinhlamvu ezihluke ngokuphelele komunye nomunye. Ubaba waze wafaka nezihloko zomfundi wasesikoleni esiphakeme kuyi-encyclopedia ayishicilela. Lezi zingoma zezingane manje sezishicilelwa njengesengezo eqoqweni lika-Robert Schumann lezindatshana zobuntatheli.
Elalela izifiso zikanina, uRobert wafundela ubumeli eLeipzig. Kodwa umculo wakhanga kakhulu le nsizwa, washiya isikhathi esincane sokwenza okunye.
Kukhethwa
Mhlawumbe, iqiniso lokuthi phakathi kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zedolobha elincane laseSaxon laseZwickau kwavela ukuthi umculi womculo uJohann Kunsch, owaba umeluleki wokuqala kaSchumann oneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, kwakuwubuciko bukaNkulunkulu.
- Ngo-1819 Lapho eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, uRobert wezwa umdlalo womqambi odumile waseBohemian kanye ne-piano virtuoso u-Ignaz Moshales. Le khonsathi yaba yisinqumo esinqumayo sokukhetha enye indlela yomfana.
- Ngo-1820 Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, uRobert waqala ukubhala umculo wekhwaya ne-orchestra.
- 1828 Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, indodana enothando yafeza iphupho likanina futhi yangena eNyuvesi yaseLeipzig, futhi ngemva konyaka e-Gelderbeig University, ihlela ukuqeda imfundo yayo yezomthetho. Kodwa lapha kwavela umndeni wakwaWieck empilweni kaSchumann.
UFriedrich Wieck unikeza izifundo zepiyano. Indodakazi yakhe uClara ingumdlali wopiyano oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ubudala. Imali etholwa ngamakhonsathi akhe ivumela uyise ukuthi aphile impilo entofontofo. U-Robert uthandane unomphela nale ngane, kodwa udlulisela uthando lwakhe emculweni.
Unephupho lokuba umdlali wopiyano ekhonsathini, enze izinto ezingenakwenzeka kulokhu. Kunobufakazi bokuthi u-Schumann waklama ikhophi yakhe (edumile futhi ebiza kakhulu) yomqeqeshi wepiyano we-Dactylion. Ukukhuthala okukhulu ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa, noma i-focal dystonia etholakala kubashayi bopiyano, noma ukungenwa ushevu ngemithi equkethe i-mercury, kuholele ekutheni inkomba neminwe ephakathi yesandla sokudla iyeke ukusebenza. Kwaba ukuwa komsebenzi womdlali wopiyano kanye nokuqala komsebenzi wokuba ngumqambi nomhlaziyi womculo.
- Ngo-1830 u-Schumann uthatha izifundo zokuqanjwa ku-Heinrich Dorn (umbhali we-"Nibelungs" edumile kanye nomqhubi we-Leipzig Opera House).
- 1831 - 1840 Schumann wabhala futhi waduma eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe: "Butterflies" (1831), "Carnival" (1834), "Davidsbündlers" (1837). I-trilogy eveza umbono womqambi wokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bomculo. Iningi lezingoma zomculo zalesi sikhathi zenzelwe ukusebenza kwepiyano. Uthando ngoClara Wieck alupheli.
- 1834 - umagazini wokuqala "New Musical Newspaper". URobert Schumann ungumsunguli walo magazini womculo osemfashinini nonethonya. Lapha wavumela ukucabanga kwakhe ngokukhululekile.
Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, odokotela bengqondo baphetha ngokuthi uSchumann waba nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo. Abantu ababili babehlala ebuchosheni bakhe, abathola izwi ephephandabeni elisha ngaphansi kwegama elithi Eusebius nelithi Floristan. Omunye wayenothando, omunye ebhuqa. Lokhu kwakungesona isiphetho samaqhinga kaSchumann. Emakhasini alo magazini, umqambi ukugxekile ukuvelela nobungcweti egameni lenhlangano engekho uDavid's Brotherhood (Davidsbündler), ehlanganisa uChopin noMendelssohn, uBerlioz noSchubert, uPaganini kanye noClara Wieck.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, 1834, umjikelezo ethandwayo "Carnival" wadalwa. Lolu cezu lomculo luyigalari yezithombe zalabo baculi uSchumann abona kubo ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko, okungukuthi bonke, ngokubona kwakhe, bafanelwe ubulungu "ku-Davidic Brotherhood". Lapha, uRobert wafaka nabalingiswa abaqanjiwe engqondweni yakhe, abamnyama ngenxa yokugula.
- 1834 - 1838 ezibhaliwe etudes symphonic, sonatas, "Fantasies"; kuze kube namuhla, izingcezu zepiyano ezithandwayo, Izingcezu Ezinhle, Izigcawu Ezivela Kuzingane (1938); egcwele umdlalo wothando wepiyano "Kreisleriana" (1838), esekelwe kumlobi othandekayo u-Schumann uHoffmann.
- Ngo-1838 Sonke lesi sikhathi, uRobert Schumann usemkhawulweni wamakhono angokwengqondo. UClara othandekayo uneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, kodwa uyise uphikisana nomshado wabo (umshado uwukuphela komsebenzi wekhonsathi, okusho ukuphela kwemali engenayo). Umyeni ohlulekile uya eVienna. Uthemba ukwandisa indilinga yabafundi balo magazini enhlokodolobha ye-opera futhi uyaqhubeka nokuqamba. Ngaphandle kwegama elithi "Kreisleriana" elidumile, umqambi wabhala: "Vienna Carnival", "Humoresque", "Noveletta", "Fantasy in C Major". Kwakuyinkathi enezithelo kumqambi futhi kwaba yinhlekelele kumhleli. Ukucwaninga kombuso wase-Austrian akuzange kubone imicabango enesibindi yeSaxon entsha. Umagazini wehlulekile ukushicilela.
- Ngo-1839 - 1843 ubuyela eLeipzig futhi wawuhalela umshado noClara Josephine Wieck. Kwakuyisikhathi esijabulisayo. Umqambi wadala izingoma ezingaba ngu-150 zomculo, zothando, ezihlekisayo, phakathi kwazo kwakukhona umlando wendabuko waseJalimane obuyekeziwe futhi usebenza emavesini kaHeine, Byron, Goethe, Burns. Ukwesaba kukaFriedrich Wieck akuzange kwenzeke: UKlara waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wekhonsathi naphezu kokuthi waba ngumama. Umyeni wakhe wayehamba naye ohambweni futhi embhalela. Ngo-1843, uRobert wathola umsebenzi wokufundisa unomphela eLeizipg Conservatory, eyasungulwa umngane wakhe nendoda ehlonishwayo, uFelix Mendelssohn. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uSchumann waqala ukubhala i-Concerto yePiano ne-Orchestra (1941-1945);
- 1844 uhambo oluya eRussia. Uhambo lukaKlara eSt. Petersburg naseMoscow. USchumann unomona ngomkakhe ukuze aphumelele emphakathini, engazi okwamanje ukuthi imibono yakhe igxile emculweni waseRussia. U-Schumann waba ugqozi lwabaqambi be-Mighty Handful. Imisebenzi yakhe yaba nomthelela omkhulu kuBalakirev noTchaikovsky, uMussorgsky noBorodin, uRachmaninov noRubinstein.
- 1845 - U-Clara wondla umndeni wakhe futhi kancane kancane ushelela umyeni wakhe imali ukuze akhokhele kokubili. USchumann akagculisekile ngalesi simo. Indoda izama izindlela zokwenza imali. Umndeni uthuthela eDresden, endlini enkulu. Abashadikazi baqamba ndawonye futhi bayashintshana ngokubhala idayari. UClara wenza izingoma zomculo zomyeni wakhe. Bajabule. Kodwa, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kaSchumann kuqala ukuba kubi kakhulu. Uzwa amazwi nemisindo emikhulu ephazamisayo, bese kuvela imibono yokuqala. Umndeni uya ngokuya uthola umqambi ekhuluma yedwa.
- 1850 URobert uyalulama ekuguleni kwakhe kangangokuthi uthola umsebenzi wokuba umqondisi womculo e-Alte Theatre eDüsseldorf. Akafuni ukushiya efulethini lakhe elinethezekile laseDresden, kodwa umcabango wesidingo sokuthola imali uya ngokuya udlanga.
- 1853 Uhambo oluyimpumelelo eHolland. Umqambi uzama ukuphatha i-orchestra kanye nekwaya, ukuqhuba izincwadi zebhizinisi, kodwa "amazwi ekhanda lakhe" aya ngokuya ephikelela, ubuchopho buqhuma ngamaculo amakhulu, okubangela ubuhlungu obungabekezeleleki. Inkontileka yetiyetha ayivuselelwa.
- Ngo-1854 NgoFebhuwari, uRobert Schumann, ebalekela imibono engekho, uziphonse eRhine. Uyatakulwa, akhishwe emanzini aneqhwa futhi athunyelwe esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo eduze kwaseBonn. UClara wayekhulelwe ngaleso sikhathi, futhi udokotela umeluleka ukuthi angavakasheli umyeni wakhe.
- Ngo-1856 umqambi ushonela esibhedlela, umkakhe nezingane ezindala bamvakashela ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe.
USchumann cishe akazange abhale esibhedlela. Washiya ucezu olungaphelile lwe-cello. Ngemva kokuhlela kancane kukaKlara, ikhonsathi yaqala ukwenziwa. Sekungamashumi eminyaka abaculi bekhala ngokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwamaphuzu. Kakade ngekhulu lamashumi amabili Shostakovich wenza ilungiselelo elenza umsebenzi ube lula kubadlali. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwatholakala ubufakazi obugciniwe bokuthi i-cello concerto empeleni yayibhalelwe amavayolini.
Indlela enzima eya enjabulweni
Ukuze bathole injabulo yomkhaya, abashadile kwakudingeka badele okuningi futhi balahle okuningi. UClara Josephine Wieck wahlukana noyise. Ukuhlukana kwabo kwafinyelela ezingeni elibi kangangokuthi iminyaka eminingana wayemangalela imvume yokushada noRobert Schumann.
Isikhathi esijabulisa kakhulu kwakuyisikhathi esifushane esichithwa eDresden. USchumann wayenezingane eziyisishiyagalombili: amantombazane amane nabafana abane. Indodana endala yafa inonyaka owodwa. Omncane nowokugcina wazalwa ngesikhathi sokubhebhetheka kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo komqambi. Waqanjwa ngokuthi uFeliksi, ngegama likaMendelssohn. Umkakhe wayehlale esekela uSchumann futhi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe okude wakhuthaza umsebenzi wakhe. UClara wamnikeza ikhonsathi yakhe yokugcina yemisebenzi yepiyano yomyeni wakhe eneminyaka engu-74.
Indodana yesibili, uLudwig, yathatha isikhundla sikayise sokugula futhi yashona ineminyaka engu-51 ubudala esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo. Amadodakazi namadodana, akhuliswa othisha nabafundisi, ayengasondelene nabazali bawo. Izingane ezintathu zashona zisencane: uJulia (27), uFerdinand (42), uFelix (25). UClara nendodakazi yakhe endala uMaria, owabuyela kunina futhi wamnakekela eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, wakhulisa izingane zikaFeliksi omncane kanye nendodakazi yesithathu, uJulia.
Ifa likaRobert Schumann
Akulona ihaba ukubiza uRobert Schumann ngomguquli emhlabeni womculo we-Old World. Yena, njengabantu abaningi abanamakhono, wayengaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe futhi wayengaqondwa ngabantu besikhathi sakhe.
Ukuqashelwa okukhulu komqambi ukuqashelwa komculo wakhe. Manje, ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, emakhonsathini ezikoleni zomculo, abaculayo bacula “i-Sovenka” nethi “Miller” ephuma “Ezigcawini Zezingane”. "Amaphupho" avela emjikelezweni ofanayo angazwakala kumakhonsathi esikhumbuzo. Ama-Overtures kanye nemisebenzi ye-symphonic iqoqa amahholo agcwele abalaleli.
Idayari yemibhalo ka-Schumann kanye nemisebenzi yobuntatheli yashicilelwa. Kwakhula wonke umthala wezihlakaniphi, ezaziphefumulelwe imisebenzi yomqambi. Lokhu kuphila okufushane kwakugqamile, kujabule futhi kugcwele izinhlekelele, futhi kwashiya uphawu lwayo emasikweni omhlaba.
