shiitake

Incazelo

Ikhowe le-shiitake elithakazelisayo neliphilisayo lalaziwa eChina eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule. Leli khowe lithandwa kakhulu, hhayi emazweni ase-Asia kuphela, kepha nasemhlabeni wonke, izakhiwo ezizuzisayo zamakhowe eShiitake zichazwe ezindabeni nasezincwadini eziningi kangangokuba leli khowe libhalwe ku-Guinness Book of Records.

Ikhowe le-shiitake lifaniswa nezindawo zalo zokuphulukisa, mhlawumbe, ne-ginseng. I-Shiitake mushroom ayinabungozi ngokuphelele futhi ingasetshenziswa njengomkhiqizo obalulekile we-gourmet, kanye nomuthi cishe wazo zonke izifo. Izici ezahlukahlukene ezizuzisayo zekhowe le-shiitake zenza kube lula ukusebenzisa leli khowe njenge-ejenti yokuthambisa eyandisa ubusha nempilo.

Ngokuma nokunambitheka, amakhowe ama-shiitake afana kakhulu namakhowe asemadlelweni, kuphela ikepisi elinombala onsundu. Amakhowe amaShiitake amakhowe amahle - anokunambitheka okuthambile okumnandi futhi ayadliwa ngokuphelele. Ukwakhiwa kwamakhowe eShiitake.

Ukwakheka nokuqukethwe kwekhalori

shiitake

IShiitake iqukethe ama-amino acid ayi-18, amavithamini B - ikakhulukazi i-thiamine eningi, i-riboflavin, i-niacin. Amakhowe amaShiitake aqukethe uvithamini omningi D. Ikhowe liqukethe i-lentinan ehlukile, engajwayelekile ye-polysaccharide, engenalo i-analogue kumalungiselelo wamakhambi.

I-Lentinan inyusa ukukhiqizwa kwe-enzyme ekhethekile ebizwa nge-perforin, ecekela phansi amaseli we-atypical futhi yandisa namangqamuzana abulalayo we-necrosis kanye nezicubu. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile, i-shiitake isetshenziswa njenge-agent ye-prophylactic yeziguli ezinengozi eyengeziwe yezifo ze-oncological.

  • Amaprotheni 6.91 g
  • Amafutha 0.72 g
  • Amakhabhohayidrethi 4.97 g
  • Okuqukethwe kwe-caloric 33.25 kcal (139 kJ)

Izinzuzo zamakhowe we-shiitake

shiitake

Amakhowe amaShiitake alwa ngempumelelo nemiphumela emibi yokuvezwa yimisebe kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, futhi angasetshenziswa ukunciphisa imiphumela yokwelashwa komdlavuza ezigulini ezikuleli qembu.

Izakhiwo eziwusizo zamakhowe we-shiitake.

  1. Umphumela we-antitumor we-fungi usiza umzimba womuntu ukuthi umelane nokwakhiwa kwamathumba we-oncological kanye ne-benign.
  2. Amakhowe eShiitake yi-immunomodulator enamandla kakhulu - yandisa amasosha omzimba, izivikelo zomzimba.
  3. Amakhowe amaShiitake asiza ukwakha umgoqo we-antiviral emzimbeni, ukuzivikela okusebenzayo ezinkambisweni zokuvuvukala.
  4. Amakhowe amaShiitake alwa ne-microflora ye-pathogenic emzimbeni womuntu futhi akhuthaze ukukhula kwe-microflora ejwayelekile.
  5. Amakhowe eShiitake asiza ukubuyisela ifomula yegazi.
  6. Amakhowe uqobo, kanye namalungiselelo avela kuwo, elapha izilonda nokuguguleka esiswini nasemathunjini.
  7. Amakhowe amaShiitake asusa i-cholesterol "embi" egazini, enza amazinga we-cholesterol abejwayelekile, futhi avimbele ukwakheka kwamapulangwe e-cholesterol ezindongeni zemithambo yegazi.
  8. Amakhowe amaShiitake ehlisa izinga likashukela egazini lomuntu, asiza ukuthuthukisa isimo seziguli ezinesifo sikashukela.
  9. Amakhowe eShiitake ajwayele ukugaya umzimba, athuthukise izinqubo zokudla okunomsoco nokuphefumula kwamaseli.
  10. Amakhowe amaShiitake asiza ukujwayelekile kwe-carbohydrate metabolism futhi avuselele ukulahleka kwesisindo, aphathe ukukhuluphala.

Amakhowe amaShiitake asetshenziswa yonke indawo: angasetshenziselwa cishe noma yisiphi isifo, futhi njengekhambi elizimele, futhi njengokwengeza ekwelashweni okuyinhloko kwemithi esemthethweni.

shiitake

Imiphumela yocwaningo lwesayensi nokuhlola okwenziwe kumangaza umcabango: kuvimbela izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi esivele sisesigabeni sesifo, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha kokubili i-atherosclerosis kanye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamagremu ayisishiyagalolunye we-shiitake powder inyanga eyodwa kwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol egazini labantu asebekhulile ngo-15%, egazini labantu abasha ngo-25%.

IShiitake isebenza ngempumelelo yesifo samathambo, isifo sikashukela (eshukumisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-cholesterol ngamanyikwe wesiguli). Isetshenziswa yiziguli ezine-multiple sclerosis, i-shiitake mushroom isiza ukujwayeza ukuzivikela komzimba, iqede ukucindezeleka okungapheli, futhi ibuyisele imicu ye-myelin eyonakele.

I-zinc equkethwe kumakhowe we-shiitake inomphumela omuhle ku-potency, ijwayele ukusebenza kwe-prostate gland, futhi ivimbele ukwakheka kwe-adenoma kanye nezicubu ezimbi ze-prostate.

I-Industrial, noma eqinile, ukutshalwa kwe-shiitake

Isikhathi sokutshalwa kwe-shiitake nokusetshenziswa kokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-substrate ku-sawdust noma ezinye izinto zokutshala ezigeleza ngokukhululeka kufushane kunesikhathi sokulinywa kwemvelo. Lobu buchwepheshe kuthiwa bukhulu, futhi, njengomthetho, ukuthela izithelo kwenzeka unyaka wonke emakamelweni ahlonyiswe ngokukhethekile.

shiitake

Indawo eyinhloko yama-substrates okhulayo we-shiitake, ehlala kusuka ku-60 kuya ku-90% wesisindo esiphelele, yi-oki, imephu noma i-beech sawdust, konke okunye izithasiselo ezahlukahlukene. Ungasebenzisa futhi i-sawdust ye-alder, i-birch, i-willow, i-poplar, i-aspen, njll. I-sawdust kuphela yezinhlobo ze-coniferous ayifanele, ngoba iqukethe ama-resins nezinto ze-phenolic ezivimbela ukukhula kwe-mycelium. Usayizi omkhulu wezinhlayiyana ngu-2-3 mm.

I-sawdust encane ivimbela kakhulu ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ku-substrate, okunciphisa intuthuko ye-fungus. I-sawdust ingaxubaniswa nezingodo zezinkuni ukwakha isakhiwo esixegayo, esinomoya. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe okwandisiwe kwezakhamzimba kanye nokutholakala kwe-oxygen ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kudala izimo ezithandekayo zezinto eziphilayo ezincintisana ne-shiitake.

Izinto eziphilayo ezincintisanayo zivame ukukhula ngokushesha okukhulu kune-shiitake mycelium, ngakho-ke i-substrate kufanele ihlanzwe noma inamathiselwe. Ingxube selehlile ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa ifakiwe (ihlwanyelwe) ngembewu i-mycelium. Amabhulokhi e-substrate akhule nge-mycelium.

shiitake

I-mycelium ikhula ifudumele izinyanga eziyi-1.5-2.5, bese iyakhishwa kwifilimu noma isuswe esitsheni bese idluliselwa ukuthola izithelo emakamelweni apholile futhi anomswakama. Isivuno esivela emabhuloki avulekile sisuswa kungakapheli izinyanga ezi-3-6.

Izithako zokudla okunomsoco zengezwa ku-substrate ukusheshisa ukukhula kwe-mycelium nokwandisa isivuno. Kulesi sikhundla, okusanhlamvu kanye ne-bran yezitshalo zokusanhlamvu (ukolweni, ibhali, ilayisi, amabele), ufulawa wezitshalo ezinomhluzi, imfucuza yokukhiqiza ubhiya neminye imithombo ye-organic nitrogen kanye ne-carbohydrate.

Ngezithako zokudla okunomsoco, amavithamini, amaminerali, ama-microelements nawo afaka i-substrate, evuselela hhayi kuphela ukukhula kwe-mycelium, kodwa futhi ne-fruiting. Ukwakha ileveli eyi-asidi efanelekile nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka, izengezo zamaminerali zengezwa ku-substrate: ushoki (CaCO3) noma i-gypsum (CaSO4).

Izingxenye ze-substrates zixutshwe kahle ngesandla noma ngabaxube njengesihlanganisi sikakhonkolo. Bese kufakwa amanzi, okuletha umswakama ku-55-65%.

Izakhiwo zokupheka zeShiitake

shiitake

AmaJapane abeka i-shiitake kuqala ukunambitha phakathi kwamanye amakhowe. Isobho elenziwe nge-shiitake eyomile noma nge-powder yabo lithandwa kakhulu eJapane. Futhi yize abaseYurophu benokunambitheka okuthile, okunephunga elicijile le-shiitake ekuqaleni, imvamisa abajabuli, abantu abajwayele i-shiitake bathola ukunambitheka kwayo kukhanga.

I-shiitake entsha inephunga elimnandi lamakhowe elinokuhlanganiswa okuncane kwephunga lesithombo. Amakhowe, omiswe ezingeni lokushisa elingadluli kuma-60 ° C, anuka okufanayo noma okungcono kakhulu.

I-shiitake entsha ingadliwa iluhlaza ngaphandle kokubilisa noma okunye ukupheka. Ngesikhathi sokubilisa noma sokuthosa, ukunambitheka okukhethekile, okunephunga elincane kanye nephunga le-shiitake eluhlaza kuba amakhowe amaningi.

Imilenze yamakhowe ingaphansi kakhulu kwezindwangu zokunambitha, futhi imicu kakhulu kunamakepisi.

Izakhiwo eziyingozi ze-shiitake

shiitake

Ukudla amakhowe e-shiitak kungadala ukungezwani komzimba, ngakho-ke abantu abajwayele ukungezwani komzimba kumele baqaphele ngalo mkhiqizo. Futhi, ukhunta uyaphikiswa ngesikhathi sokuncelisa nokukhulelwa ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo.

Ikhula kuphi ikhowe le-shiitake?

IShiitake iyi-fungus ejwayelekile ye-saprotrophic ekhula kuphela ezihlahleni ezifile neziwile, kusukela ngokhuni ethola zonke izakhamzimba ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, i-shiitake ikhula eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (China, Japan, Korea nakwamanye amazwe) ngeziqu kanye neziqu ezigawuliwe zezihlahla ezinqabayo, ikakhulukazi i-castanopsis spiky. Endaweni yaseRussia, ePrimorsky Territory naseMpumalanga Ekude, amakhowe amaShiitake akhula nge-oki laseMongolia nase-Amur linden. Zitholakala futhi ku-chestnut, birch, maple, poplar, liquidambar, hornbeam, ironwood, mulberry (mulberry tree). Amakhowe avela entwasahlobo futhi athela izithelo ngamaqembu kulo lonke ihlobo kuze kube sekwindla.

I-lentinula edliwayo ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu: kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-6-8 ukusuka ekuqhamukeni kwamakepisi amancane alingana nepea aze avuthwe ngokugcwele.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeShiitake

  1. Ukukhulunywa okokuqala ngqa kwekhowe laseJapan kubuyela emuva ku-199 BC.
  2. Kubhalwe futhi kwanyatheliswa ucwaningo olujulile olungaphezu kwama-40,000 nemisebenzi ethandwayo nama-monographs mayelana ne-lentinula edliwayo, eveza cishe zonke izimfihlo zekhowe elihlwabusayo nelinempilo.

I-shiitake ekhulayo ekhaya

Njengamanje, amakhowe alinywa ngenkuthalo emhlabeni wonke ngezinga lezimboni. Okuthokozisayo: bafunde ukuthi bangatshala kanjani amakhowe e-shiitake kahle kuphela phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, futhi kuze kube yileso sikhathi bakhuliswa ngokuhlikihla ukusikeka ngokhuni olubolile ngemizimba yezithelo.

shiitake

Manje i-lentinula edliwayo itshalwa ku-oki, i-chestnut kanye ne-maple logs ekukhanyeni kwemvelo noma ku-sawdust endlini. Amakhowe akhule ngendlela yokuqala acishe azigcine ngokuphelele izinto ezikhula endle, futhi isoyi le-sawdust likholelwa ukuthi lenyusa ukunambitheka nephunga, kepha kulimaza izimfanelo zokuphulukisa ze-shiitake. Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wamakhowe adliwayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XXI sekuvele kufinyelele kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-800 ngonyaka.

Amakhowe kulula ukutshala ezweni noma ekhaya, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwendawo yemvelo, ngoba ayakhetha ngezimo zokuphila kwawo. Ngokuqaphela amanye ama-nuances futhi ulingise indawo yemvelo yamakhowe, ungafinyelela imiphumela emihle ngokuzalanisa ekhaya. Amakhowe athela izithelo kahle kusuka ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba, kepha i-shiitake ekhulayo isengumsebenzi onzima.

Ubuchwepheshe obukhulayo kubha noma isiphunzi

Into esemqoka edingekayo ekutshalweni kwamakhowe yizinkuni. Ngokufanelekile, lokhu kufanele kube yiziqu ezomile noma i-hemp ye-oki, i-chestnut noma i-beech, isayinwe ngemigoqo engu-35-50 cm ubude. Uma uhlose ukukhulisa i-shiitake ezweni, lapho-ke akudingekile ukuthi ubone iziphunzi. Okokusebenza kufanele kuvunwe kusengaphambili, okungcono ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sentwasahlobo, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uthatha kuphela izinkuni ezinempilo, ngaphandle kwezimpawu zomonakalo ngokubola, ubulembu noma ukhunta lwe-tinder.

shiitake

Ngaphambi kokubeka i-mycelium, izinkuni kufanele zibiliswe imizuzu engama-50-60: ukukhohlisa okunjalo kuzokugcwalisa ngomswakama odingekayo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kubulale amagciwane. Emugqeni ngamunye, udinga ukwenza izimbobo ngobubanzi obuyisentimitha elingu-1 nokujula okungu-5-7 cm, okwenza i-indent ibe ngu-8-10 cm phakathi kwabo. I-Shiitake mycelium kufanele ibekwe kuzo, ivale imbobo ngayinye ngokuhlwanyela ngoboya obumanzi bekotini.

Lapho utshala, umswakama wokhuni akufanele weqe ngama-70%, kepha ngasikhathi sinye akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-15%. Ukuze uvikele ukulahleka komswakama, ungasonga imigoqo / i-hemp esikhwameni sepulasitiki.

Okudingekayo: gcina izinga lokushisa egumbini lapho kutshalwa khona amakhowe akho: amakoloni amakhowe aseJapan athanda ukushintsha kwamazinga okushisa (kusuka ku- + 16 emini kuye ku- + 10 ebusuku). Lokhu kusakazeka kwezinga lokushisa kukhuthaza ukukhula kwabo.

Uma i-shiitake kufanele ikhulele ngaphandle ezweni, khetha indawo enomthunzi, futhi ibha noma isiphunzi esingasikiwe nge-mycelium kufanele kungcwatshwe cishe u-2/3 emhlabathini ukuyivimba ukuthi ingomi.

Ukukhula ngesaha noma utshani

Uma kungenakwenzeka ukutshala leli khowe ngokhuni, i-shiitake ekhulayo ebhali noma i-oat straw, noma kusaladi lwezihlahla ezinqabayo (ama-conifers nakanjani akhishiwe) kungaba yindlela enhle kakhulu.

shiitake

Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, lezi zinto zicutshungulwa ngokuya ngomgomo wokubilisa ihora elilodwa nohhafu kuya kwamahora amabili, futhi ukukhulisa ukuzala kwazo ngeke kube ngaphezu kokufaka ikhekhe le-bran noma lemithombo. Iziqukathi ezinosaladi noma utshani zigcwaliswa nge-shiitake mycelium futhi zimbozwe nge-polyethylene, okuqinisekisa izinga lokushisa cishe nge-18-20 degrees. Lapho nje ukuhluma kwe-mycelium kuchaziwe, izinga lokushisa kufanele lehliswe libe ngama-degree ayi-15-17 emini nango-10-12 ebusuku.

Ukukhulisa i-shiitake ngotshani akuyona nje indlela yesitsha. Gcwalisa isikhwama esenziwe ngendwangu eminyene noma i-polyethylene ejiyile ngotshani obushubile, ngemuva kokubeka imigqa emibili noma emithathu ye-mycelium phakathi kwezingqimba zotshani. Izikhala zenziwa esikhwameni amakhowe azohluma ngaso. Uma izinga lokushisa livuna ikhowe, isivuno esikhulu siqinisekisiwe.

shiya impendulo