Ukudla kwaseRussia

Inqubo yokwakhiwa nokuthuthuka kokudla kwaseRussia kunwebe amakhulu eminyaka. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kukhulunywa ngakho kuvela emlandweni wamakhulu eminyaka nasemibhalweni ehlukahlukene yomlando. Abakudala babethanda ukubhala ngakho emisebenzini yabo yokungafi. Abacwaningi bama-Ethnographer bayifunda ngokucophelela. Futhi konke ngoba kungokwasekuqaleni futhi kuyachuma. Ukuyithuthukisa akubonisanga izimpilo zabantu namasiko kuphela kepha nomlando. Futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ithuthukile, igcwaliswa ngokuboleka, futhi yanwetshwa.

Namuhla ibinzana elithi "i-cuisine yaseRussia" lihlangana nesobho leklabishi, ukhukhamba o-crispy namakhowe afakwe emanzini anosawoti, i- "kulebyaka" enamakha namaphayi, kanye netiyi eliyingqayizivele elivela eSamovar.

Kepha ngisho neminyaka eyi-1000 eyedlule, konke kwakunesizotha kancane…

Umlando wentuthuko

Ososayensi bakhomba izigaba ezine zokwakheka kokudla kwaseRussia, ngasinye sinezici zaso. It:

1. 1 IsiRashiya Esidala, esukela emakhulwini eminyaka we-IX-XVI;
2. I-2 yakudala yaseMoscow - yawela ngekhulu le-XVII;
3. 3 Petrovsky-Ekaterininsky - kubhekiswa ekhulwini le-XVIII;
4. 4 Petersburg - ihlanganisa ukuphela kwamasiko ekhulu le-XVIII futhi ihlala kuze kube ngama-60s weXIX.

Isikhathi esidala saseRussia

By isinkwa nofulawa imikhiqizo ubuswa. Abantu baseRussia basendulo babewazisa kakhulu amakhekhe, ijeli kafulawa, nama-rye pie. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifino, izithelo, amakhowe, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenyama nenhlanzi, i-porridge yakhonza njengokugcwalisa. Kakade ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babebingelela izivakashi ezithandekayo ngesinkwa nosawoti.

Ngendlela, kwakuyiphalishi eRussia okwakubhekwa njengophawu lokuchuma. Igama elithi "iphalishi" lalibhekisela emadilini amadala omshado waseRussia. Ematafuleni aseRussia, kwakuhlala kune-buckwheat, ibhali, iparele yebhali, i-oatmeal, i-oatmeal, noma iphalishi lamabele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla kwalesi sikhathi kwakuhlanganisa inqwaba yemifino - iklabishi, i-turnips, i-radishes, i-peas, ukhukhamba. Lapha babethanda ukuzitika ngezithelo namajikijolo. Ngaphezu kwabo, uju lwaluhlonishwa kakhulu phakathi kwezinyo elimnandi, ngokususelwa lapho abantu bakha khona ama-syrups amnandi nezinsini. Noma kunjalo, abaphathi bendawo babhaka isinkwa se-ginger nabo.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-XI amaRussia asebenzisa izinongo: i-bay leaf nopelepele omnyama, ama-clove, ujinja, i-cardamom nesafron.

Kuze kube yikhulu le-XVII-th lapha, bebengayidli inyama nobisi. Futhi uma bekwenzile, babe sebenza isobho leklabishi ne-gruel ngenyama. Baphuza ubisi oluyisitshulu noma oluhlaza, benza ukhilimu omuncu noshizi we-cottage ngalo, futhi bebengazi ngokhilimu nebhotela cishe kuze kube yikhulu le-XVI-th.

Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela iziphuzo zikazwelonke zaseRussia - i-kvass, i-sider, ne-hops. Ngo-1284 abapheki benza ubhiya okokuqala ngqa. Futhi ngekhulu le-XV, i-vodka yangempela yaseRussia yenziwa ngamabele e-rye.

Emakhulwini we-XVI-XVII, i-Old Russian cuisine yayicebile ngama-noodle namadombolo, eboleka kubantu base-Asia.

Endala-Moskov

Ukuhlukaniswa kokudla kwaphawula ikhulu le-XVII kwaba yilokho abantu bendawo abathanda ukukwazi kanye nalokho abantu abavamile ababenelisekile ngakho. Futhi uma phambilini lo mehluko ubukhona kuphela kwinani lezitsha, manje sebenake kakhulu ikhwalithi. Futhi konke kungenxa yokuthi izitsha ezisanda kufakwa kanye namasu okupheka aqale ukungena okwejwayelekile.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, inyama eyosiwe eyengeziwe, eyayikade ibhekwa njengenganambitheki phambilini, yaqala ukuvela etafuleni lezicukuthwane. Futhi nenyama yengulube, inyama yengulube, inyama yenkomo ekhonjiwe, iwundlu eliwosiwe, umdlalo nezinkukhu. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-hodgepodge, ukhukhamba, nezibiliboco eziyisisekelo ezifana ne-jellied redfish, inhlanzi enosawoti, i-caviar emnyama yanambitha.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, abantu baseRussia baqala ukuboleka ngentshiseko imikhiqizo ye-Astrakhan ne-Kazan khanate, eSiberia naseBashkiria, esanda kujoyina umbuso. Lawa kwakungamagilebhisi, amakhiwane, amakhabe namakhabe, amabhilikosi, ulamula, netiye. (Nakuba eminye imithombo ithi ulamula ubedumile kwezinye izifunda kusukela ngekhulu le-XI.) Futhi abasikazi abanomoya wokungenisa izihambi baqala ukwamukela izindlela zokupheka ophaya abamnandi, ama-gingerbread, zonke izinhlobo zojamu, nama-apula marshmallows. Ngokweminye imibiko, lesi sakamuva sasilungiswa ezindaweni ezithile zaseRussia kusukela ngekhulu le-XIV.

Ngakho-ke, ikhulu le-XVII laliphawuleka ngokuchuma kokudla kwendabuko kwaseRussia nokwenza lula kwabahlwempu.

Petrovsko-Ekaterinsky

Ngemva kwenkathi endala yaseMoscow, kwaqala inkathi entsha - inkathi kaPetru Omkhulu. Ihlukile kwezinye ngokuboleka kwayo okusebenzayo kwamasiko okupheka aseNtshonalanga. Futhi manje izikhulu zivame ukuletha imikhiqizo yaphesheya kwezilwandle nezindlela zokupheka zezitsha futhi "zibhalise" kubapheki bangaphandle. Bacebisa ukudla kwaseRussia ngophaya, ama-casseroles, ama-roll, nama-cutlets, bangezelele ngobisi olungaziwa, imifino, namasobho agayiwe futhi bahlobise ngamasemishi, ibhotela, noshizi bangempela baseDashi nesiFulentshi.

Baphinde bafaka igama le "isobho" laseRussia esikhundleni salo bathi "isobho" futhi bafundisa ukuthi bangasisebenzisa kanjani kahle - ezimbizeni noma ezimbizeni zensimbi.

Cuisine yasePetersburg

Le nkathi yaqondana nokuvela “kwefasitela laseYurophu.” Ngayo, izitsha zendabuko zesiFulentshi, isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane nesiDashi zaqala ukungena cuisine yaseRussia. Phakathi kwazo: ama-chops anethambo futhi angenawo, ama-escalopes, ama-entrecote, ama-steaks, amazambane nezitsha zikatamatisi, ezilethwe nje ngaleso sikhathi, kanye namasoseji nama-omelets.

Ngasikhathi sinye, baqala ukunaka ngokukhethekile ukulungiswa kwetafula nokuhlobisa izitsha ngokwabo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amasaladi amaningi, izitsha ezisemaceleni, kanye ne-vinaigrette kuvele enkambisweni yokuthola lobu buciko.

Isici esivelele salesi sikhathi ukuthi izikhulu zisebenzise ukudla okulula okuhlukahlukene. Izinhlanzi, inyama, amakhowe, nezitsha zemifino sekunezinto ezahlukahlukene zokupheka zaseRussia futhi kwenze ukuthi icebe kakhulu futhi ibe mnandi ngokwengeziwe.

Ukudla kwaseRussia: izinsuku zethu

Eminyakeni eyalandela, i-cuisine yendabuko yaseRussia yacebisa kuphela. Abapheki abanekhono bavela, amagama abo adumile kude nemingcele yezwe. Ukuhambahamba emhlabeni wonke, bayazi ubuchwepheshe bamuva bokupheka, ngenxa yokuthi bangalungisa izitsha ezingavamile kakhulu nezangempela. Futhi xhuma okungahambisani nakho ngakunye. Isibonelo, u-ayisikhilimu wesinkwa se-Borodino, i-foie gras borscht ene-flambé, amasaladi e-cocktail, iwundlu nge-kvass sauce, intamo ye-crayfish nge-caviar yemifino, njll.

Isifiso sokudla kwaseRussia

I-cuisine kazwelonke yaseRussia iboleke izitsha ezisanda kufakwa kanye namasiko aphesheya kwezilwandle amakhulu amaningi. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kumvimbe ekuhlaleni okuhlukile nokuhlukile. Ngemuva kokunambitha ama-chops amnandi, ama-entrecote, noJulienne, abantu baseRussia abayishintshanga imikhuba yabo.

Futhi abayekanga okusanhlamvu kanye nesobho, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwahluka kakhulu. Akukashintshi isiko lokuphaka ukudla. Njengakuqala, okokuqala, baphaka izitsha ezishisayo - isobho, i-borscht, i-hodgepodge, noma isobho leklabishi. Okwesibili - isitsha eseceleni esinenyama noma inhlanzi. Futhi kolwesithathu - isiphuzo esimnandi - ijusi, i-compote, isiphuzo sezithelo noma itiye. Futhi wahlala ngomunye wabantu ababenomoya wokungenisa izihambi emhlabeni.

Izindlela eziyinhloko zokupheka ku-cuisine yaseRussia:

Akunandaba ukuthi i-cuisine yaseRussia icebile futhi yahlukahlukene kangakanani, isasuselwa ezitsheni zendabuko ezaziwayo kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, okungukuthi:

Iklabishi isobho.

Bathi lesi sidlo savela eRussia ngekhulu le-IX-th, ngasikhathi sinye njengeklabishi. Kuyinto isobho lezithako eziningi. Isobho leklabishi laliqukethe i-sorrel, fresh noma i-sauerkraut, inyama (kwesinye isikhathi inhlanzi noma amakhowe), izinongo nokugqoka okumuncu okususelwa kukhilimu omuncu noma iklabishi brine. Kukho konke ukubakhona kwayo akukaze kushintshe, ngaphandle kokuthi isixha sezinongo sesobho seklabishi sandisiwe.

Kulebyak.

Ihlukile kumaphayi ajwayelekile ngokwakha ukugcwaliswa okuyinkimbinkimbi - kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezi-2 kuya kwezingu-4 zenyama egayiwe, ehlukaniswe ngama-pancake amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivolumu yayo ilingana okungenani nengxenye yevolumu yenhlama. I-kulebyaki yokuqala yenziwa ngemvubelo inhlama nezendlalelo zeklabishi, amaqanda, iphalishi le-buckwheat, inhlanzi ebilisiwe, u-anyanisi, noma amakhowe futhi kwahlobisa abantu abahloniphekile namatafula ajwayelekile.

Ibhokisi.

Isitsha sesikhumbuzo yiphalishi elenziwe ngokolweni noma ngelayisi ngoju, imbewu yepoppy, omisiwe nobisi. Ilungiselelwe futhi yasebenza ngosuku olwandulela uKhisimusi ne-Epiphany, kwesinye isikhathi esikhumbuzweni. I-Kutia ibuyela ezinsukwini zayo zobuqaba lapho inkumbulo yamadlozi yahlonishwa ngosizo lwayo. Ngendlela, eRussia, noma yiliphi iphalishi lalinegama lesibili elithi "ugogo" wesinkwa.

Ama-noodle

Ziyi-pasta ebolekiwe ethandwa ngendlela emangalisayo emhlabeni wonke, kufaka neRussia. Ama-noodle okuqala kakhulu kwakungamaShayina. Bavele enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC.

Kissel.

Lesi siphuzo okungenani sineminyaka engu-1000 ubudala. Ekuqaleni, yenziwa nge-oats noma ngokolweni, kamuva ngamajikijolo. Izinkumbulo zakhe nazo ziyavela kwiThe Tale of Bygone Years.

Ekhulwini le-X. Ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa kweBelgorod, kwaqala indlala edolobheni. Futhi lapho abantu basemadolobheni sebenqume ukuzinikela, umdala oyedwa wayala ukuthi athole izinsalela zama-oats nokolweni, enze i-jelly kuzo futhi azithulule kubhavu ombiwe emthonjeni womhlabathi. Honey uzvar bathela komunye ubhavu onjalo. Futhi-ke bameme abanqobi abaningana ukuthi bazonambitha izibiliboco ezivela emithonjeni. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, bahlehla, banquma ukuthi uMama uMhlaba wondle abantu baseRussia.

Ukha

Kuyisitsha senhlanzi esishisayo. Isifunda ngasinye sineresiphi yaso yokulungiswa kwaso. Isibonelo, eDon bathanda isobho lenhlanzi notamatisi.

I-Stroganina

Yisitsha esenziwe ngenhlanzi eluhlaza, efriziwe, esetshenziswa lapho kushejwa ngenhlanganisela kasawoti nopelepele. Idume kakhulu eSiberia.

Isaladi lika-Olivier

Yisitsha sikazwelonke sonyaka omusha esiqanjwe ngoLucien Olivier, owasungula. Iresiphi yendabuko yaseRussia iqukethe isoseji “kaDokotela”, amazambane abilisiwe, amaqanda abilisiwe, ukhukhamba oqoshiwe, uphizi oluhlaza, izaqathe ezibilisiwe, imayonnaise, namakhambi.

Itiye elivela esamovar.

Bathi isiphuzo esinjalo sasinokunambitheka okukhethekile, abakuthola bobabili ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-samovar uqobo, ngenxa yobumbano lomndeni, olwalubuthene ku-gazebo noma ku-veranda luzonambitha.

Amaphayi

Amaphayi abhakwe anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokugcwaliswa - inhlanzi, inyama, izaqathe, amaqanda, u-anyanisi nelayisi nezimbobo ezincane ngaphezulu.

Amakhowe zifakwe emanzini anosawoti kanye ukhukhamba

Ziyisibiliboco ebesikhona emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Vinaigrette

Kuyisitsha sikazwelonke saseRussia esenziwe ngama-beet, amazambane, izaqathe, uphizi oluhlaza, ukhukhamba, u-anyanisi, uwoyela wemifino nezinongo, yize kubolekwe.

Isinkwa sejinja

Lena imikhiqizo kafulawa evela esikhathini esidala saseRussia.

I-Apple marshmallow ekudleni kwaseRussia

Kuyinto yokudla kwendabuko okulungiselelwe kusukela ngekhulu le-XIV-th noju nama-apula. Ukupheka kwanamuhla kuhlanjululwe kakhulu futhi kungaqukatha isinamoni, amajikijolo, njll.

Isinkwa nosawoti kuyindlela yokwelapha.

Luhlobo lwezimpawu zokudla kwaseRussia. Namuhla kumele ukungenisa izihambi. Futhi ezikhathini zasendulo, yayixhunyaniswe nencazelo yomlingo. Isinkwa senziwe samuntu ingcebo nenhlalakahle yomndeni, nosawoti wawusivikela ezinkingeni nasesimo sezulu esibi. 

Isobho.

Eqinisweni, lesi yisidlo sikazwelonke sokudla kwaseRussia. Phambilini, bekuyimifino kuphela; kamuva, baqala ukwengeza inyama kuyo. Namuhla, kunenqwaba yamasobho kukho konke ukunambitheka.

Ama-apula afakwe emanzini anosawoti

Lezi zinhlobo zamakhukhamba ezenziwe ekhaya. Zazithandwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule.

I-Sauerkraut yisitsha esitholakala ekuvutsheni kweklabishi. Abantu bakholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto zayo ezizuzisayo zigcinwa kuwo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi:

• Amapuleti avela eRussia ngekhulu le-XNUMXth. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kwakudliwa oketshezi esitsheni esisodwa esikhulu, lapho wonke umndeni wawudla khona. Ukudla okujiyile, kanye nenyama nenhlanzi, kwakuphezu kwezingcezu ezinkulu zesinkwa.
• Balandele ngokuqinile imithetho yokuziphatha etafuleni bona
• . Ngesikhathi sokudla, umuntu wayengakwazi ukuhleka futhi akhulume kakhulu noma aphonse ukudla. Kamuva, kunencazelo eyodwa - inhlonipho yomuntu waseRussia ngokudla.
• Ihhavini langempela laseRussia lithatha indawo ekhethekile ekudleni kwaseRussia. Njengoba ikhona iminyaka engaba ngu-3000, ikwazile ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi. Babepheka ukudla kuwo, ubhiya owenziwe kanye ne-kvass, izithelo ezomisiwe zasebusika, izindlu zokufudumeza nazo, balala phezu kwazo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi baphinde bashise ebhokisini lomlilo elikhulu, njengokugeza.
• Kwakuyihhavini elanikeza izitsha zokudla kwaseRussia ukunambitheka okwehlukile. Babona umbuso othile wokushisa kuwo nokushisa okufanayo ngomumo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ukunakwa ngokufanele ukwakheka kwezitsha - izimbiza zobumba nensimbi yensimbi, obehluke ngobukhulu bezansi nentamo. Lesi sakamuva sinikeze ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, iphunga elimangazayo, kanye nokulondolozwa kwazo zonke izinto eziwusizo zezitsha eziphekiwe.
• Ezinsukwini zakudala, itafula laseRussia lalihlala njalo limbozwe ngendwangu yetafula emhlophe futhi lihlotshiswe ngesinkwa nosawoti. Kwakuwuhlobo lwesibonakaliso sokuthi izivakashi zamukelekile endlini.