Ilayisi

Incazelo

Ilayisi ingesinye sezitsha eziseceleni ezithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Abantu abaningi bathambekele ekuthini izakhiwo ezihlukile zokudla zilayisi, zikubheka njengephayona lezifo eziningi. Kepha izinzuzo zalezi zinhlamvu zincike ezintweni eziningi, futhi ezinye izinhlobo zingalimaza nomzimba.

Abantu bebelima irayisi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-9. Yaqhamuka eYurophu eminyakeni eyinkulungwane eyedlule, futhi okhokho bethu bayibiza ngokuthi “yiSaracen millet.” Wonke umuntu unesitsha sakhe asithandayo: ubisi iphalishi, ithanga lamathanga, irayisi elincane elinobusi, i-pilaf, njll. Futhi eziningi zalezi zitsha zitholakala ezincwadini zokupheka zikakhokho wethu. Ngakho-ke, ukukhuluma ngelayisi kumayelana nomkhiqizo osekuyisikhathi eside uthandwa futhi uguqulwa ngesiko laseYurophu.

Umlando welayisi

Akumangalisi ukuthi bathi umuntu unekhaya lapho azalelwa khona nalapho ethandwa khona. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngezitshalo nezitsha eziningi. Isibonelo, izwe lomlando welayisi yiChina Yasendulo. Naphezu kwalokhu, ngaphezu kwengxenye yesibili kwezintathu zabantu bomhlaba babiza ilayisi ngesidlo abasithandayo.

Uthando lomhlaba wonke lwalezi zinhlamvu aluzange lufike ngokushesha. Ukunqoba uzwela lwabantu, ilayisi, njengezinye izitshalo, sekude futhi lide.

Kwakudume kakhulu eChina eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu ngaphambi kweNkathi yeNkathi yobuKrestu; ukusuka lapho, kwafika eNdiya. Ngendlela, kungamaNdiya okusikweleta ukuthuthukiswa kwelayisi ende okusanhlamvu. Kwathi-ke nangaphambi kwenkathi yethu, irayisi lanqoba lonke izwekazi lase-Asia.

Ibonakale eYurophu sekwephuze kakhulu. Irayisi emuva lalinegama likakolweni weSaracen, okusanhlamvu kweSaracen. Kamuva lapho ngezilimi zaseYurophu, kwazwakala njengeRiis.

Ilayisi likhula eMaphakathi neMpumalanga Afrika, ePolynesia naseMelanesia, naseNingizimu yeYurophu. ESpain nase-Italy, irayisi liyaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, eGrisi nase-Albania, eYugoslavia naseBulgaria - futhi kusukela ezikhathini ezikude kakhulu. Kukhona amasimu eMelika. Yize kunjalo, i-Asia yayihlala futhi iyindawo eyinhloko yokulima irayisi.

Emlandweni omude wokukhula kwalo, irayisi liye laba nezinguquko.

Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 zezitshalo zaziwa ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziyi-150, nezinhlobo zezolimo eziyizinkulungwane eziningana. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zehlukana ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: okusanhlamvu okude, okuncane, okuncane okuvela eNdiya kanye nelayisi eliyindilinga, elifishane elivela eJapane.

Ilayisi limhlophe futhi limnyama, nsomi, libomvu (ngasendleleni, okunomsoco kakhulu), beige, ophuzi, onemigqa. Kepha okusanhlamvu okunjalo kuseyingqayizivele esifundeni sethu.

Izinhlobo zerayisi

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zelayisi emakethe yethu namuhla: onsundu, osendle noma omnyama, ongapholishiwe noma onsundu, nomhlophe ojwayelekile. Isilinganiso sezakhi sitholakala elayisi elimnyama lasendle.

Endaweni yesibili ilayisi elingapholishiwe; inombala onsundu kwazise okusanhlamvu kugcina igobolondo eligcwele i-fiber namavithamini.

Okusanhlamvu kombala omhlophe kupholishiwe ngokucophelela, kuqukethe ukuhleleka okuncane kakhulu kwezakhamzimba kune "mfowethu" onsundu, futhi okukhethwa kukho "okumaphakathi" kubhalwe ngopende, okunombala onsundu okhanyayo. Igcina inqwaba yezinto eziwusizo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukubukeka kwayo kukhanga ngokwengeziwe futhi kusondele nelayisi elimhlophe.

Ukwakheka nokuqukethwe kwekhalori

Ilayisi liwumthombo wamavithamini B (B1, B2, B3, B6), obaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwesistimu yezinzwa, ngakho-ke irayisi lingabhekwa njengokudla kohlelo lwezinzwa olumaphakathi. Phakathi kwamaminerali lo okusanhlamvu acebile kuwo, i-potassium ibonakala ngokugqamile; ngesamba esincane, okusanhlamvu kwelayisi kuqukethe i-calcium, iodine, i-iron, i-zinc, i-phosphorus.

• Amaprotheni, 5.92 g,
• Amafutha, u-1.53 g,
• Amakhabhohayidrethi, 56.11

Okuqukethwe ikhalori elayisi ngama-calories ayi-130/100 g

Izinzuzo zerayisi

Izinzuzo zelayisi zibangelwa ukwakheka kwayo, okwakhiwa ngama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi (kufika kumaphesenti angama-80); cishe amaphesenti ayi-8 okwakhiwa kwelayisi kuhlala ngamaprotheni (ama-amino acid ayisishiyagalombili abalulekile emzimbeni womuntu). Kepha impahla ebaluleke kakhulu yalo mkhiqizo ukuthi ayiqukethe i-gluten (iprotheni yemifino engadala ukusabela okweqile).

Kukhona nefayibha kulezi zinhlamvu, yize isabelo salo sincane - amaphesenti ama-3 kuphela. Ubunzima bevithamini namaminerali bezinto zerayisi abubanzi kakhulu, kepha kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni.

Okuqukethwe kwe-potassium ephezulu yelayisi kukhuluma ngendima yayo enkulu ekugcineni uhlelo lwezinhliziyo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lapho kungena emzimbeni womuntu, okusanhlamvu kuthintana nosawoti okhona bese kususa okweqile. Akumangalisi ukuthi ukudla kwelayisi kudume ngokususa usawoti emajoyintini kubantu asebekhulile.

Ilayisi liyasiza futhi lapho kukhona izifo zezinso nezomchamo.

Umuthi we-Folk

Emithini yokwelapha, i-rice wort isetshenziselwa i-pneumonia, izifo zamaphaphu, umphimbo obuhlungu, umkhuhlane kanye ne-antipyretic agent.

Enye yezinto ezizuzisa kakhulu irayisi umphumela wayo wokumboza. Uma isisesiswini, imboza izindonga zayo ngobumnene futhi inciphise ukusabela kolwelwesi lwamafinyila ukuxhumana nejusi yesisu. Le mpahla ibalulekile kubantu abane-asidi ephezulu yejusi lesisu kanye nalabo abahlushwa i-gastritis noma izilonda zezilonda zomlomo wesisu.

Enye impahla elusizo yelayisi ukumunca ubuthi obungena emzimbeni nakokunye ukudla.

Ilayisi linezinto zokuhlanza, libuyisela isifiso sokudla ngemuva kokuzila ukudla isikhathi eside kanye nokugula okunzima, kulungisa ukulala, kuthuthukise ukuncelisa komama abahlengikazi, futhi kuqeda nomlomo onukayo.

Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezizuzisayo, odokotela bezingane bancoma irayisi emhlabeni wonke njengokudla kokuqala kokuncoma kwezinsana. Kungenzeka ukwethula iphalishi ekudleni kwengane, kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Lezi zinhlamvu zinezakhiwo ezizuzisayo futhi eziyingozi ngasikhathi sinye; okusanhlamvu kwawo kuqukethe izinto ezivimbela ukuhamba kwamathumbu. Ngakho-ke, amanzi elayisi angenye yezindlela zokwelapha ezivamile zokwelapha "abantu" besifo sohudo kanye nesifo sohudo esingapheli.

Okokuqala, kufanele kuthiwe mayelana nezindawo zokulungisa irayisi. Labo abahlala behlushwa ubunzima emathunjini kudingeka bazixwaye lokhu okusanhlamvu.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi ukulimala nezinzuzo kuye ngokuhlukahluka kwayo nendlela yokwenza ngayo: irayisi elimhlophe lingumkhiqizo ocwengekile, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwalo kaningi kuholela ekwakhekeni kwesifo sikashukela, izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, i-hypovitaminosis, nesisindo eseqile.

Ukucubungula umkhiqizo ngesikhathi sokuhanjiswa endaweni yokugcina umkhumbi kudlala indima enkulu ekwandiseni ukulimala kwelayisi: lipholishwa ngenhlanganisela kaglucose ne-talc futhi lenziwe lakhiwa ngamavithamini okwenziwa. I-Talc inikeza ukucwebezela nokukhanya kwangaphandle, futhi i-glucose ithuthukisa ukunambitheka. Ngakho-ke, ukukhanyisa ubungozi bokuhlangana nomkhiqizo onjalo, kungcono ukhethe imikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo (kufaka phakathi eyasekhaya).

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngelayisi

1. Ososayensi baseJapan bathi okusanhlamvu onsundu kukhulisa ukuhlakanipha nokukhumbula.
2. E-China, inkulumo ethi "phula isitsha selayisi" ihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukuyeka umsebenzi."
3. Kungukudla okuyisisekelo cishe kwengxenye yabantu emhlabeni, futhi kuthatha amalitha amanzi angama-5,000 1 ukukhiqiza ikhilogremu elilodwa lokusanhlamvu okuniselwayo.
4. Amagama athi “ukudla” nelithi “irayisi” ayafana ezilimini eziningana zase-Asia, kanti esiShayina, imiqondo “yesidlo sasekuseni,” “isidlo sasemini,” nesithi “isidlo sakusihlwa” ihunyushwa ngokuthi “irayisi lokuqala,” “emini,” “isikhathi sekwephuzile. ”
5. Sekuyisikhathi eside eJapane, abesifazane basebenzisa le cereal nelayisi ukuze benze mhlophe futhi bavuselele isikhumba. Ufulawa, ama-decoctions, ne-gruel kuhlanza futhi kwenze isikhumba sibe mhlophe kusuka kumachashaza weminyaka namabala.

Ukulimaza nokuphikisana

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi mangaki amakhalori aselayisi. Futhi cabanga ukuthi lokhu akuwona umkhiqizo wokudla. Qaphela bonke abathandi balokhu okusanhlamvu: amagremu ayi-100 ayo aqukethe ama-calories angama-350. Ngakho-ke, ukudla irayisi ukunciphisa umzimba akuwona umqondo omuhle.

Futhi uma isisindo sakho siphindwe kaningana kunokujwayelekile, ilayisi ngokuvamile liyaphikiswa.

Lokhu okusanhlamvu kuhlangene nenyama kunzima kakhulu esiswini.
Odokotela bayeluleka ngokungadli ilayisi le-colic yamathumbu nokuqunjelwa.

Ungalipheka kanjani irayisi

Ukulungiselela

Uma ufuna ukupheka ilayisi elixegayo, ligeze ngaphansi kwamanzi abandayo ngaphambi kokupheka. Lokhu kuzosusa isitashi esibhekele ukunamathela. Hlanza ilayisi cishe izikhathi ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu kuze kube yilapho amanzi egijima. Indlela elula kunazo zonke yokwenza le nqubo ngesihlungo esihle.

Ezinye izitsha, njenge-risotto, zidinga irayisi elinobuthi ukuze ziphekwe. Kulokhu, akufanele uyihlanze. Njengesinqumo sokugcina, ungazikhawulela kusiwombe esisodwa ukuze ugeze konke okweqile.

Ukupheka ilayisi ngokushesha, ungalifaka imizuzu engama-30-60. Ngaleso sikhathi isikhathi sokupheka sizoncishiswa cishe isigamu. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, kungcono ukunciphisa inani lamanzi asetshenziselwa ukupheka.

Ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi ukupheka lezi zinhlamvu kudinga amanzi aphindwe kabili. Kepha lesi isilinganiso. Kungcono ukukala umthamo wamanzi ngokuya ngohlobo:

• okusanhlamvu okude - 1: 1.5-2;
• okusanhlamvu okuphakathi - 1: 2-2.5;
• okusanhlamvu oyindilinga - 1: 2.5-3;
• kushubile - 1: 2;
• nsundu - 1: 2.5-3;
• zasendle - 1: 3.5.

Qiniseka ukuthi ufunda imiyalo ephaketheni. Umkhiqizi wazi kahle ukuthi ilayisi lisebenze kanjani futhi usikisela inani elifanele lamanzi.

Izitsha

Kungcono ukupheka irayisi epanini elinendawo engezansi: izinga lokushisa kwalo lisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Ungayipheka futhi nge-skillet enkulu. I-cauldron ngokwesiko isetshenziselwa i-pilaf.

Imithetho yokupheka

Uma upheka irayisi epanini, letha amanzi anosawoti emathunjini, bese uthela okusanhlamvu kuwo. Yivuthulule kanye ukuvimbela izinhlamvu ukuthi zinganamatheli phansi. Bese ulinda kuze kube yilapho isitsha siqala ukubilisa, wehlise ukushisa uye phansi, bese umboza ipani ngesivalo.

Musa ukuphakamisa isivalo ngesikhathi sokupheka. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ilayisi lizothatha isikhathi eside ukupheka. Uma ufuna ukuthi irayisi liqhekeke, ungalinyakazisi (ngaphandle kokuqala). Ngaphandle kwalokho, okusanhlamvu kuzophuka futhi kukhulule isitashi.

Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokupheka, ngokuya ngohlobo, yile:

• okumhlophe - imizuzu engu-20;
• parboiled - imizuzu engu-30;
• nsundu - imizuzu engama-40;
• zasendle - imizuzu 40-60.

Lapho iphalishi selilungile, lisuse ekushiseni bese lima imizuzu eyi-10-15. Uma kunamanzi elayisi eliqediwe, likhiphe noma umboze ipani ngethawula elomile: lizomunca umswakama owedlulele.

Ungayikhetha kanjani irayisi

Okumhlophe, okumnyama, nsundu, ngisho nasendle - ukuhlukahluka okunjalo phakathi kokusanhlamvu kuyisici selayisi kuphela. Umphumela wesitsha esihlelwe ngqo uncike ekubunjweni kwaso, kubude baso, nakumbala waso. Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethwe kahle zinquma impumelelo engama-90% ekuphekeni i-pilaf, i-sushi, futhi-ke, nephalishi elijwayelekile. Uma, njengomthetho, abantu abavamile bengenayo imibuzo mayelana nokuthi bangapheka kanjani okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu, abanye abathengi basajwayela amagama angajwayelekile afana ne "arborio," "jasmine," ne "indica." Ukuqonda ubunzima bokukhethwa kwelayisi.

Yinde futhi yinde

Irayisi okusanhlamvu ende (i-indica) ilungele labo abamele izinto ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlamvu ezinjalo azinamathelani ngesikhathi sokupheka bese ziphenduka zibe yimvuthu. Okusanhlamvu okulingene kufushane futhi kubanzi kunokudla okusanhlamvu okude, futhi ngesikhathi sokupheka, kumunca umswakama omningi, ngakho-ke okusanhlamvu kwawo kunamathela ndawonye kancane, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, isitsha sivele sithambe kakhulu. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zilungele isobho, i-pilaf, i-risotto, ne-paella. Izinhlobonhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu bendawo okusanhlamvu okuyindilinga. Inesamba esikhulu sesitashi, ngakho-ke iyisisindo esinokhilimu lapho siphelile. Irayisi eliyindilinga lilungele ukwenza ama-sushi, ophaya, iphalishi elibukhali, uphudingi, ama-casseroles.

Ilayisi lingaba yizinhlobo ezimbili, lipholishiwe futhi alipholishiwe. Irayisi eliphucuziwe liyinhlamvu ehlutshiwe. Akumangalisi ukuthi abalandeli bendlela yokuphila enempilo baluduba lolu hlobo lokusanhlamvu. Ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwamavithamini nezinto ezincane, kuncane kunezinhlobo ezingalashwa. Izinhlamvu ezingapolishiwe, lapho kugcinwa khona igobolondo, kubhekwa njengokudla okunempilo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi irayisi elingapholishiwe lithatha isikhathi eside ukupheka futhi, nangemva kokwelashwa okushisa isikhathi eside, kuzoba nzima kunezinye izinhlobo.

Kuko konke uhlobo lwayo

Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-20 eziyinhloko zelayisi nokuhluka okungaphezu kuka-150. Ngombala, ama-groats angama-shades amhlophe, futhi emvelweni; kukhona nezinhlamvu ezibomvu, nsomi, phuzi, ngisho nezimnyama. Ake sikhulume ngezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu.

I-Basmati. NgesiHindi, igama elithi "basmati" lisho "okunephunga elimnandi". Lezi izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zelayisi ezikhula eNdiya nasePakistan. I-Basmati inambitheka obushelelezi we-nutty, ayinamathelani ngesikhathi sokupheka, futhi iphenduka ibe yimvuthu. Isitsha esiseceleni esifanelekile sezitsha eziningi.

UJasmine. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwe-Thai cereal kunephunga elimnandi elikhumbuza izimbali ze-jasmine. Irayisi elimhlophe kuvela ukuthi lithambile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlamvu zalo ezinde azibilisi futhi zigcine ukuma kwazo. Lezi groats zikulungele ukulungiselela amasaladi, izitsha eziseceleni, kanye nophudingi.

Okubomvu. EFrance, lapho okusanhlamvu kukhula khona, sekuyisikhathi eside kuhlotshaniswa nokhula. Kepha e-Asia, okusanhlamvu okubomvu kunesimo sengqondo esihluke ngokuphelele. Lapho, lokhu kuhlukahluka bekubalulekile kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi kungenye yezinto eziwusizo kakhulu. Irayisi elibomvu alibilisi futhi lithatha ukunambitheka okubuthakathaka kwe-nutty ekugcineni kokubila.

Umnyama waseTibet. Okusendle kwangempela (okumnyama) empeleni utshani obugqamile bomndeni okusanhlamvu. Izwe lakubo yiNyakatho Melika, kepha manje ilayisi lasendle liyathandwa nakwezinye izindawo. Ngaphezu kwesethi ejwayelekile yamavithamini asici se-groats, le cereal icebile ikakhulukazi ku-magnesium ne-zinc, i-potassium ne-folic acid.

I-Arborio. Irayisi le-arborio elinezinhlamvu eziphakathi nendawo linempahla ekhethekile: ngesikhathi sokupheka, lithola ukungaguquguquki okunokhilimu futhi limunca ukunambitheka nephunga lazo zonke izithako esitsheni.

UCamolino. Izinhlamvu ezinkulu nezindilinga zaseGibhithe zingcono ngamafutha emifino, ngakho-ke bathola umthunzi wamaparele-ukhilimu. Ngemuva kokubilisa, ilayisi ligcina ukuthamba nokunamathela kwalo, kepha okusanhlamvu akunamathelani. I-Sushi, iphalishi, kanye nama-dessert abucayi basebenzisa i-camolino.

Ezinye izinhlobo

ISpanishi. IBomba, iValencia, neCalasparra yizinhlobonhlobo ezinhle kakhulu. I-Пкфшты imunca ngokuphelele uketshezi futhi ihlale i-crumbly. Irayisi laseSpain lenza i-paella ne-pilaf esiphundu.

UKrasnodar. Lokhu okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu okuyindilinga kusenyakatho kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Irayisi leKrasnodar lilungele ukwenza amasobho, i-sushi, uphudingi nezinhlamvu.

I-Uzbek ye-pilaf. Izinhlobo ezidumile ze-chungara, devzira, ne-dastar-saryk zithandwa ngokwenza i-pilaf yangempela yase-Asia. Izinhlamvu eziwugqinsi nezisindayo zokhilimu, umbala onsundu nokubomvu, ngenxa yokucubungula okukhethekile, zimunca inani eliphezulu lomswakama namafutha, kanti isidlo siyakhasa futhi sinephunga elimnandi.