Imethane nezinkomo. Ukungcoliswa Komoya Kwenzeka Kanjani Emapulazini

Futhi ngafunda ngokungcoliswa komoya emapulazini ezinkomo kufilimu ethi “Save the Planet” (2016) ka-UN Climate Ambassador Leonardo DiCaprio. Inolwazi kakhulu - kunconywe kakhulu ”

Ngakho-ke (isixwayiso se-spoiler!), Kwesinye seziqephu, uLeonardo ufika epulazini lezolimo futhi axhumane nabezemvelo. Ngasemuva, izinkomo ezinhle ezinamakhala amakhulu ziyalukwa, okwenza umnikelo wazo “ongenzeka” ekufudumaleni komhlaba ...

Masingajahi – sizokucacisa kancane kancane. 

Kuyaziwa kusukela esikoleni ukuthi kukhona amagesi adala uhlobo oluthile lwe-buffer ezingqimbeni ezingezansi zomkhathi. Ayikuvumeli ukushisa kuphumele emkhathini. Ukwanda kokugcwala kwamagesi kuholela ekwandeni komphumela (ukushisa okuncane nokuncane kuyaphunyuka futhi kuya ngokuya kusala ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zomkhathi). Umphumela uba ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo, okwaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ukufudumala komhlaba.

“Izigebengu” zalokho okwenzekayo amagesi abamba ukushisa amane ayinhloko: umhwamuko wamanzi (owaziwa nangokuthi H2O, umnikelo ekufudumaleni okungu-36-72%), i-carbon dioxide (CO2, 9-26%), i-methane (SN4, 4-9%) kanye ne-ozone (O3, 3-7%).

I-methane "ihlala" emkhathini iminyaka eyi-10, kodwa inamandla amakhulu kakhulu okushisa. Ngokwe-UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), i-methane inomsebenzi we-greenhouse onamandla izikhathi ezingu-28 kuneCO.2

Igesi ivelaphi? Miningi imithombo, kodwa nansi eyinhloko:

1. Umsebenzi obalulekile wezinkomo (izinkomo).

2. Ukushiswa kwamahlathi.

3. Ukwanda komhlaba olimekayo.

4. Ukukhula kwelayisi.

5. Ukuvuza kwegesi ngesikhathi kuthuthukiswa indawo yamalahle negesi yemvelo.

6. Ukukhishwa kwegesi njengengxenye ye-biogas ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu.

Izinga legesi emkhathini liyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngisho noshintsho oluncane kwisabelo se-CH4 kuholela ekushintshashintsheni okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa lomoya. Ngaphandle kokungena emahlathini omlando, ake sithi namuhla kukhona ukwanda kokugcwala kwe-methane.

Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ezolimo zidlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu. 

Isizathu sokukhiqizwa kwe-methane silele ezintweni ezingavamile zokugaya izinkomo. Lapho zibhodla futhi zikhipha amagesi okugaya, izilwane zikhipha i-methane eningi. Izinkomo zihlukile kwezinye izilwane ezicini zokuphila “ezifuywe ngokwenziwa”.

Izinkomo zidliswa utshani obuningi. Lokhu kuholela ekugayeni umzimba kwemfuyo yezinto ezimilayo ezingacutshungulwa ezinye izilwane. Ukusuka ekudleni okuchichimayo (isisu senkomo siqukethe amalitha ayi-150-190 oketshezi nokudla), i-flatulence iqala ezilwaneni emapulazini.

Igesi ngokwayo yakheka ku-rumen (ingxenye yokuqala yesisu sesilwane). Lapha, inani elikhulu lokudla kwezitshalo livezwa kuma-microorganisms amaningi. Umsebenzi wala magciwane uwukugaya imikhiqizo engenayo. Phakathi nale nqubo, amagesi akhiqizwa ngumkhiqizo akhiwa - i-hydrogen ne-carbon dioxide. I-Methanogens (enye i-microorganism ku-rumen) ihlanganisa la magesi abe yi-methane. 

Izixazululo eziningi

Abalimi baseCanada kanye nochwepheshe bezolimo baye bahlakulela izinhlobo eziningana zezithasiselo zokudla kwemfuyo. Ukwakheka ngendlela efanele kokudla okunomsoco kunganciphisa ukwakheka kwe-methane emzimbeni wezilwane. Yini esetshenziswayo:

Amafutha ancibilikisiwe

· Garlic

Ijunipha (amajikijolo)

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-algae

Ongoti baseNyuvesi yasePennsylvania basebenzela ukwakhiwa kwama-microorganisms aguqulwe ngofuzo azosimamisa ukugaya kwemfuyo.

Esinye isisombululo senkinga, kodwa esingaqondile: ukugoma okuhlelekile kwezinkomo kuzonciphisa inani labantu abagulayo, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa ngenani elincane lemfuyo. Ngenxa yalokho, ipulazi lizophinde likhiphe i-methane encane.

Abantu baseCanada abafanayo basebenzisa iphrojekthi ye-Canada Genome. Njengengxenye yocwaningo (iNyuvesi yase-Alberta), ochwepheshe belabhorethri bacwaninga ngofuzo lwezinkomo ezikhipha i-methane encane. Ngokuzayo, lezi ntuthuko zihlelelwe ukuthi zethulwe ekukhiqizeni amapulazi.

E-New Zealand, i-Fonterra, umkhiqizi omkhulu wezolimo, yathatha ukuhlaziya umthelela kwezemvelo. Le nkampani isebenzisa iphrojekthi yezemvelo ezoqhuba izilinganiso ezinemininingwane yokukhishwa kwe-methane emapulazini ayi-100. Ngezolimo lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, iNew Zealand isebenzisa imali eningi minyaka yonke ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo. Kusukela ngoNovemba 2018, i-Fonterra izokwenza idatha etholakala esidlangalaleni mayelana ne-methane nokunye ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa emapulazini ayo. 

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-methane ngamagciwane esiswini senkomo kuyinkinga enkulu emhlabeni jikelele nasekhaya. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, epulazini laseJalimane, izilwane zazifakwa esibayeni esasingenawo umoya odingekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-methane eningi yanqwabelana futhi kwenzeka ukuqhuma. 

Ngokwezibalo zososayensi, inkomo ngayinye ikhiqiza amalitha angu-24 e-methane ngamahora angu-500. Isamba sezinkomo emhlabeni wonke siyizigidigidi eziyi-1,5 - kuvela cishe amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-750 nsuku zonke. Ngakho izinkomo ukwandisa umphumela greenhouse izimoto ngaphezulu?

Omunye wabaholi beGlobal Carbon Project, uProfessor Robert Jackson, uthi okulandelayo:

"". 

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, ukuqhela ezindleleni ezibanzi zokulima nokunciphisa inani lezinkomo - indlela ehlanganisiwe kuphela engasiza ekunciphiseni ukuhlushwa kwe-CH4 futhi ayeke ukufudumala komhlaba.

Akukhona ukuthi izinkomo “zinecala” ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa eMhlabeni. Lesi simo sinezici eziningi futhi sidinga imizamo emikhulu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukulawulwa kokukhishwa kwe-methane emkhathini kungenye yezinto okufanele zibhekwe eminyakeni engu-1-2 ezayo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izibikezelo ezidabukisa kakhulu zingagcwaliseka ...

Eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo, ukugcwala kwe-methane kuzoba yisici esinqumayo ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Le gesi izoba nomthelela omkhulu ekunyukeni kwezinga lokushisa lomoya, okusho ukuthi ukulawula ukukhishwa kwayo kuzoba umsebenzi oyinhloko wokulondoloza isimo sezulu. Lo mbono wabelwe uprofesa waseStanford University uRobert Jackson. Futhi unazo zonke izizathu. 

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