Inyama, izinganekwane namaqiniso

Abantu bebelokhu bedla inyama kusukela nge-Ice Age. Kungaleso sikhathi, ngokusho kwezazi ze-anthropologists, lapho indoda yasuka ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni futhi yaqala ukudla inyama. Leli “siko” lisekhona nanamuhla – ngenxa yesidingo / ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwama-Eskimos/, umkhuba noma izimo zokuphila. Kodwa ngokuvamile, isizathu siwukungaqondi kahle.

Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, ochwepheshe bezempilo abadumile, izazi zokudla kanye nezazi zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo bathole ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi ukuze ukuze uhlale unempilo, akudingekile neze ukudla inyama, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudla okwamukelekayo kwabadla inyama kungalimaza umuntu. Maye, i-vegetarianism, esekelwe kuphela ezikhundleni zefilosofi, akuvamile ukuba yindlela yokuphila. Ngakho-ke, masiyishiye eceleni ingxenye engokomoya yokuthanda imifino okwamanje - imisebenzi enevolumu eminingi ingadalwa mayelana nalokhu. Ake sigxile ezingxoxweni ezingokoqobo, zomqondo “zezwe” ezisekela ukuyeka inyama. Ake siqale sixoxe ngalokho okuthiwa "inganekwane yamaprotheni". Nakhu okumayelana. Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza abantu abaningi bagweme ukudla imifino ukwesaba ukubangela emzimbeni ukuntula amaprotheni. “Ungawathola kanjani wonke amaprotheni ekhwalithi owadingayo ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni, okungenabisi?” abantu abanjalo bayabuza. Ngaphambi kokuphendula lo mbuzo, kuyasiza ukukhumbula ukuthi iyini ngempela iphrotheni. Ngo-1838 usokhemisi waseDutch Jan Müldscher ithole into equkethe i-nitrogen, ikhabhoni, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo futhi, ngamanani amancane, nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali. Le nhlanganisela, engaphansi kwayo yonke impilo eMhlabeni, usosayensi wabiza "okubalulekile". Kamuva, kwafakazelwa ukubaluleka kwangempela kwamaprotheni: ukuze kuphile noma iyiphi into ephilayo, inani elithile layo kufanele lidliwe. Njengoba kwenzeka, isizathu salokhu ama-amino acid, "imithombo yangempela yokuphila", lapho kwakhiwa khona amaprotheni. Inani elaziwayo Ama-amino acid ayi-22, 8 okucatshangwayo Staff /azikhiqizwa umzimba futhi kumele zidliwe ngokudla/. Lawa ma-amino acid ayi-8: lecithin, isolecin, i-valine, lysine, i-trypophan, i-threonine, i-methionine, phenylalanine. Zonke kufanele zifakwe ngezilinganiso ezifanele ekudleni okunomsoco olinganiselayo. Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1950, inyama ibithathwa njengomthombo ongcono kakhulu wamaprotheni, ngoba iqukethe wonke ama-amino acid ayi-8 abalulekile, futhi ngezilinganiso ezifanele nje. Nokho, namuhla izazi zokudla okunomsoco ziye zafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukudla kwezitshalo njengomthombo wamaprotheni akugcini nje ngokuba kuhle njengenyama, kodwa kuphakeme nakakhulu kunalokho. Izitshalo nazo ziqukethe wonke ama-amino acid ayi-8. Izitshalo zinamandla okuhlanganisa ama-amino acid emoyeni, emhlabathini, nasemanzini, kodwa izilwane zingathola amaprotheni kuphela ngezitshalo: ngokuwadla, noma ngokudla izilwane ezidle izitshalo futhi zamunca zonke izakhi zazo. Ngakho-ke, umuntu unokuzikhethela: ukuzitholela ngokuqondile ngezitshalo noma ngendlela ezungezayo, ngezindleko eziphakeme zezomnotho kanye nezinsiza - kusuka enyameni yezilwane. Ngale ndlela, Inyama ayinawo ama-amino acid ngaphandle kwalawo atholwa yizilwane ezitshalweni - futhi umuntu angawathola ezitshalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla kwezitshalo kunenye inzuzo ebalulekile: kanye nama-amino acid, uthola izinto ezidingekayo ukuze uthole amaprotheni aphelele: ama-carbohydrate, amavithamini, izakhi zokulandelela, amahomoni, i-chlorophyll, njll. Ngo-1954, iqembu lososayensi eHarvard University. yenze ucwaningo futhi yathola: uma umuntu edla ngesikhathi esisodwa imifino, okusanhlamvu, yobisi - ingaphezu kokumboza inkambiso yansuku zonke yamaprotheni. Baphethe ngokuthi bekunzima kakhulu ukugcina ukudla okunhlobonhlobo kwemifino ngaphandle kokudlula lesi sibalo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngo-1972, uDkt. F. Stear wenza ezakhe izifundo zokudla amaprotheni ngabantu abadla imifino. Imiphumela yayimangalisa: iningi lezifundo zithole izinkambiso ezingaphezu kwezimbili zamaprotheni! Ngakho-ke "inganekwane mayelana namaprotheni" yachithwa. Manje ake siphendukele esihlokweni esilandelayo senkinga esikhuluma ngayo. Imithi yesimanje iyaqinisekisa: ukudla inyama kugcwele izingozi eziningi. I-Oncological и izifo zenhliziyo ziba ubhubhane emazweni lapho isilinganiso somuntu ngamunye esidliwa inyama siphezulu, kuyilapho lapho lesi sibalo siphansi, izifo ezinjalo ziyivelakancane kakhulu. URollo Russell encwadini yakhe "Izimbangela Zomdlavuza" uyabhala: “Ngathola ukuthi emazweni angu-25 izakhamuzi zawo ezidla inyama kakhulu, angu-19 anezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza, futhi linye kuphela izwe elinezinga eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, kuyilapho emazweni angu-35 izakhamuzi zawo zidla inyama. ngobuningi obulinganiselwe noma ungawudli nhlobo, awukho onesilinganiso esiphezulu somdlavuza.” AT "Iphephabhuku le-American Physicians Association" ngo-1961 kuthiwa "Ukushintshela ekudleni kwemifino kuma-90-97% wamacala kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo zenhliziyo." Lapho isilwane sihlatshwa, imfucumfucu yaso iyeka ukuphuma ngesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi futhi ihlale “igcinwe” emzimbeni ofile. Ngakho abadla inyama bamunca izinto ezinobuthi, okuthi esilwaneni esiphilayo, zishiye umzimba nomchamo. Udokotela Owen S. Parret emsebenzini wami “Kungani ngingayidli inyama” uqaphele: lapho inyama ibilisiwe, izinto eziyingozi zivela ekubunjweni komhluzi, ngenxa yalokho umhluzi ucishe ufane nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali nomchamo. Emazweni anezimboni ezinohlobo olunzulu lwentuthuko yezolimo, inyama “inothiswa” ngezinto eziningi eziyingozi: DDT, i-arsenic /isetshenziswa njengesikhuthazi sokukhula/, i-sodium sulfate /esetshenziselwa ukunikeza inyama "fresh", umbala obomvu wegazi/, OF, i-hormone yokwenziwa /i-carcinogen eyaziwayo/. Ngokuvamile, imikhiqizo yenyama iqukethe ama-carcinogens amaningi ngisho nama-metastasogens. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhilogremu angu-2 nje enyama ethosiwe aqukethe i-benzopyrene elingana nogwayi ongu-600! Ngokunciphisa ukudla kwe-cholesterol, ngasikhathi sinye sinciphisa amathuba okuqongelela amafutha, ngakho-ke ingozi yokufa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo noma i-apoplexy. Umkhuba onjena atherosclerosis, kumuntu odla imifino - umqondo ongabonakali ngokuphelele. Ngokwe-Encyclopædia Britannica, “Amaprotheni atholakala kumantongomane, okusanhlamvu, ngisho nemikhiqizo yobisi abhekwa njengamsulwa uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo atholakala enyameni yenkomo—aqukethe cishe u-68% wengxenye yoketshezi olungcolile. Lezi "ezingcolile" zinomthelela omubi hhayi kuphela enhliziyweni, kodwa nasemzimbeni wonke. Umzimba womuntu ungumshini oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Futhi, njenganoma iyiphi imoto, uphethiloli owodwa uwufanela kangcono kunenye. Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi inyama inguphethiloli ongasebenzi kahle kulo mshini, futhi iza ngezindleko eziphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-Eskimo, adla kakhulu izinhlanzi nenyama, aguga ngokushesha. Isilinganiso sabo sobude bokuphila asidluli ngokulambisa 30 iminyaka. AmaKirghiz ngesinye isikhathi ayedla kakhulu inyama futhi ephila isikhathi eside 40 iminyaka iyivelakancane kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezizwe ezinjengamaHunza ahlala ezintabeni zaseHimalaya, noma amaqembu enkolo anesilinganiso sobude bokuphila esishintshashintsha phakathi 80 и 100 iminyaka! Ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi ukudla imifino kuyisizathu sempilo yabo enhle kakhulu. AmaNdiya angamaMaya aseYutacan kanye nezizwe zaseYemeni zeqembu lamaSemite nazo zidume ngempilo yazo enhle kakhulu - futhi ngenxa yokudla kwemifino. Futhi ekugcineni, ngifuna ukugcizelela into eyodwa futhi. Lapho edla inyama, umuntu, njengomthetho, uyifihla ngaphansi kwe-ketchups, amasoso nama-gravies. Uyicubungula futhi ayilungise ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene: ama-fried, amathumba, izitshulu, njll. Kwenzelweni konke lokhu? Kungani ungadli inyama eluhlaza njengezilwane ezidla ezinye? Izazi eziningi zokudla okunomsoco, izazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezazi ze-physiologists ziye zabonisa ngokuqiniseka: abantu abadli inyama ngokwemvelo. Kungakho bakukhuthalele ukushintsha ukudla okungenasici kubo. Ngokomzimba, abantu basondelene kakhulu nezilwane ezidla uhlaza njengezinkawu, izindlovu, amahhashi, nezinkomo kunezilwane ezidla inyama njengezinja, amahlosi nezingwe. Ake sithi izilwane ezidla ezinye azijuluki; kuzo, ukushintshashintsha kokushisa kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa abalawuli bezinga lokuphefumula kanye nolimi oluphumayo. Izilwane ezidla imifino (kanye nabantu) zinezindlala zomjuluko zale njongo, lapho izinto ezihlukahlukene eziyingozi ziphuma emzimbeni. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zinamazinyo amade nabukhali ukuze zibambe futhi zibulale inyamazane; izilwane ezidla uhlaza (kanye nabantu) zinamazinyo amafushane futhi azinazo izinzipho. Amathe ezilwane ezidla ezinye aziqukethe i-amylase ngakho-ke awakwazi ukuqhekeka ekuqaleni kwesitashi. Izindlala zezilwane ezidla inyama zikhiqiza inani elikhulu le-hydrochloric acid ukuze kugaywe amathambo. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zidla uketshezi, njengekati, isibonelo, kuyilapho izilwane ezidla uhlaza (kanye nabantu) ziluncela ngamazinyo. Kunemifanekiso eminingi enjalo, futhi ngamunye wabo uyafakaza: umzimba womuntu uhambisana nemodeli yemifino. Ngokwe-physiologically, abantu abajwayele ukudla inyama. Nazi mhlawumbe izimpikiswano ezinamandla kakhulu ezivuna imifino.

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