Okuqukethwe
I-Hypothyroidism
Thei-hypothyroidism kuwumphumela wokukhiqizwa kweamahomoni enganele yindlala yegilo, lesi sitho esimise okwemvemvane esingaphansi kwentamo, ngaphansi kwe-apula lika-Adamu. Abantu abahlaselwe kakhulu yilesi simo ngabesifazane ngemuva kweminyaka engu-50.
Umthelela wendlala yegilo emzimbeni mkhulu: indima yawo ukulawula i-metabolism eyisisekelo yamaseli omzimba wethu. Ilawula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, isisindo, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, amandla emisipha, isimo sengqondo, ukugxilisa ingqondo, izinga lokushisa lomzimba, ukugaya ukudla, njll. Ngakho inquma ukuqina kwamandla okwenza amangqamuzana nezitho zethu zisebenze. Kubantu abane i-hypothyroidism, la mandla asebenza ngokuhamba kancane.
Ekuphumuleni, umzimba usebenzisa amandla ukuze ugcine imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile isebenza: ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukusebenza kobuchopho, ukuphefumula, ukugaya, ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umzimba oyisisekelo, ingxenye elawulwa amahomoni egilo. Inani lamandla asetshenzisiwe liyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu ngamunye kuye ngobukhulu, isisindo, ubudala, ubulili, kanye nomsebenzi wendlala yegilo. |
E-Canada, cishe i-1% yabantu abadala banayoi-hypothyroidism, lo abesifazane ukuthinteka izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kweziyisi-8 kunamadoda. Ukusabalala kwalesi sifo kukhula ngokuya ngeminyaka, kufinyelela ngaphezu kwe-10% ngemuva kweminyaka engama-6014. E-France, i-3,3% yabesifazane kanye ne-1,9% yamadoda ithintwa yi-hypothyroidism (umthombo: HAS: isifinyezo sezincomo zochwepheshe 2007).
I-Congenital noma i-neonatal hypothyroidism
Cishe enganeni eyodwa kwezi-1, i-hypothyroidism ikhona kusukela ekuzalweni kwayo ngenxa yokungalungi kahle noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwendlala yegilo. Uma ingelashwa, i-i-hypothyroidism ukuzalwa kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu ekukhuleni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kwengane. Ngenhlanhla, eFrance, eCanada nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile, lesi sifo sitholwa ngendlela ehlelekile kuzo zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa, ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwegazi okwakhiwa phakathi nawo-1970 abacwaningi baseCanada. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuvumela ukwelashwa ukuthi kuqalwe kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila ukuvimbela imiphumela yesifo.1.
Amahomoni egilo angaphansi kokulawula Eziyizi-2 eziphambili amahomoni ifihliwe yi- yegilo i-T3 (triiodothyronine) ne-T4 (tetra-iodothyronine noma i-thyroxine). Bobabili bayaliqonda igama elithi “iodine” ngoba i-iodine ingenye yezingxenye zabo, ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni kwabo. Inani lamahomoni akhiqizwayo lingaphansi kokulawulwa kwezinye izindlala, ezisebuchosheni: i-hypothalamus ne-pituitary gland. I-hypothalamus iyala indlala ye-pituitary ukuthi ikhiqize ihomoni i-TSH (yehomoni evuselela igilo). Kanti, i-hormone i-TSH ishukumisa indlala yegilo ukuba ikhiqize amahomoni egilo, kuhlanganise ne-T3 ne-T4. Indlala yegilo engasebenzi kahle noma engasebenzi ngokweqile ingabonwa ngokuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze kukale izinga le-TSH egazini. Ku-hypothyroidism, izinga le-TSH liphezulu ngoba indlala ye-pituitary isabela ekuntulekeni kwamahomoni egilo (T3 kanye ne-T4) ngokukhipha i-TSH eyengeziwe. Ngale ndlela, i-pituitary gland izama ukugqugquzela indlala yegilo ukuthi ikhiqize amahomoni amaningi. Esimweni se-hyperthyroidism (lapho kune-hormone yegilo eningi), kwenzeka okuphambene: izinga le-TSH liphansi ngoba indlala ye-pituitary ibona amahomoni egilo amaningi egazini bese iyeka ukuvuselela indlala yegilo. Ngisho nasekuqaleni kwenkinga yegilo, amazinga e-TSH ngokuvamile awavamile. |
Izimbangela
Ngaphambi kwawo-1920, i- ukuntuleka kwe-iodine kwakuyimbangela enkulu yei-hypothyroidism. Iodine iyimineral trace edingekayo empilweni nasekukhiqizweni kwamahomoni egilo i-T3 ne-T4. Kusukela engeza iodine ku ufulawa usawoti - umkhuba owazalelwa eMichigan ngo-1924 ngenxa yezimo eziningi ze-hypothyroidism - lokhu kuntuleka akuvamile emazweni athuthukile. Nokho, ngokwezilinganiso zeWorld Health Organization, cishe? Abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili basengcupheni yokuntuleka kwe-iodine2. Ihlala iyimbangela engu-12 ye-hypothyroidism emhlabeni. Emazweni anezimboni lapho abantu becelwa ukuba balinganisele ukudla kukasawoti, kungase kube nengozi yokubuya kokuntuleka kwe-iodine.
Namuhla, Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu i-hypothyroidism emazweni athuthukile yilezi:
- A Hashimoto sika thyroiditis. Lesi sifo se-autoimmune sibangela ukubhujiswa kwendlala yegilo izivikeli mzimba. Ososayensi abakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi yini ebangela lesi sifo. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kubonakale njengomphumela wokucindezeleka noma ukutheleleka ngegciwane, kubantu abathambekele kukho.
- Un ukwelashwa okushintsha indlala yegilo. Ukwelashwa nge-radioactive iodine ukwelapha a hyperthyroidism noma ukuhlinzwa ukuze kukhishwe indlala yegilo (ngenxa yeqhuqhuva, isimila noma umdlavuza wegilo) kubangela i-hypothyroidism engapheli cishe ku-80% wezimo. Futhi, ukwelashwa kwe i-radiotherapy Intamo ibangela i-hypothyroidism yesikhashana cishe ku-50% wamacala, kanye ne-hypothyroidism engapheli cishe ku-25% yamacala.
- A i-postpartum thyroiditis. Ku-8-10% yabesifazane, ukusabela kwe-autoimmune ngokumelene negilo kungenzeka emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.ukulethwa15. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "i-postpartum" thyroiditis. Ezimweni ezingu-40%, le thyroiditis iholela ku-hypothyroidism, izimpawu zazo ezimakwe kakhulu. Imvamisa zidlula.
Ezinye izimbangela ezingavamile
– Abanye izidakamizwa. I-lithium, isibonelo, esetshenziselwa ukuphazamiseka okuthile kwengqondo, noma i-amiodarone (umuthi oqukethe iodine), enqunyelwe ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi senhliziyo, ingaholela ku-hypothyroidism.
– Ukungajwayelekile ukuzalwa yegland yegilo, okusho ukuthi ikhona kusukela ekuzalweni. Kwesinye isikhathi indlala ayikhuli ngendlela ejwayelekile, noma ayisebenzi kahle. Kulokhu, i-hypothyroidism itholwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuzalwa ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwegazi okuhlelekile.
- Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-i-pituitary gland, indlala elawula indlala yegilo nge-hormone TSH (imele ngaphansi kwe-1% yamacala).
- A ukutheleleka i-bacterial noma i-viral ku-gland yegilo.
- Bheka Izigaba Zabantu Abasengozini kanye Nezici Zobungozi.
Izinkinga ezingenzeka
Uma singelashwa, lesi sifo singaba nemiphumela engathi sína yesikhathi eside. Kubantu abadala, a myxoedème, uhlobo olunzima lwe-hypothyroidism, lungenzeka. Izimpawu ze-myxedema wubuso obukhukhumele, obuphuzi, nesikhumba esomile, esibonakala sijiyile. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izimo ezithile (ukutheleleka, amakhaza, ukuhlukumezeka, ukuhlinzwa, njll.) zingabangela ukulahlekelwa ukwazi noma ikhoma "Myxedema". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi abantu abanei-hypothyroidism iminyaka eminingana basengozini enkulu yesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
Ezinganeni ezingalashwa, kuba nokubambezeleka okukhulu ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwengqondo okungenakuhlehliswa, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi. i-cretinism. Ukwelashwa okwanele, okuqalwa ngokushesha, ngokuvamile kugwema izinkinga kanye nokulandelana kwazo.