Kuyafaneleka futhi ukucabangela ngokulinganayo zonke izinzuzo nezingozi zokuguqulwa kofuzo. Cons, kunjalo, okuningi. Umuntu angaqagela kuphela: yikuphi okutholakele okumangalisayo ku-biotechnology kanye nezakhi zofuzo okuzosimangaza ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX.
Kubonakala sengathi isayensi ekugcineni iyakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yendlala, ukudala imithi emisha, ukushintsha zona kanye izisekelo zezolimo, ukudla kanye nezimboni zezokwelapha. Phela, ukukhetha kwendabuko, osekunezinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, kuyinqubo ehamba kancane futhi ekhandlayo, futhi amathuba okuwela i-intraspecific anomkhawulo. Ingabe isintu sinaso isikhathi sokuqhubekela phambili nezinyathelo zomnenke onjalo? Inani labantu boMhlaba liyakhula, bese kuba nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, okungenzeka kube noshintsho olubukhali lwesimo sezulu, ukuntuleka kwamanzi.
amaphupho amahle
Udokotela omuhle u-Aibolit, ose-laboratory yekhulu lama-XXI, usilungiselela insindiso! Ehlome ngezibonakhulu zesizukulwane sakamuva, ngaphansi kwamalambu e-neon, uhlanganisa ama-flask namashubhu okuhlola. Futhi nakhu: utamatisi oyisimangaliso oshintshwe izakhi, olingana nokudla okunomsoco olingana ne-pilaf ecebile, anda ngenani elimangalisayo ezindaweni ezomile zase-Afghanistan.
IMelika ayisawisa amabhomu emazweni ampofu nanolaka. Manje ulahla imbewu yeGM ezindizeni. Izindiza eziningana zanele ukushintsha noma iyiphi indawo ibe ingadi ethelayo.
Kuthiwani ngezitshalo ezizosikhiqizela uphethiloli noma ezinye izinto eziwusizo nezidingekayo? Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akukho ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, akukho izitshalo namafektri. Ngitshale izihlahla zamarose ezimbalwa engadini engaphambili noma umbhede wamadaisi akhula ngokushesha, futhi njalo ekuseni ukhama i-biofuel kuwo.
Enye iphrojekthi enelukuluku kakhulu ukwakhiwa kohlobo lwezihlahla ezikhethekile, ezicijelwe ukuze kuthathwe izinsimbi ezisindayo nokunye ukungcola okuhlukahlukene okuvela emoyeni nasenhlabathini. Utshala umhubhe eduze kwesitshalo samakhemikhali sangaphambili - futhi ungamisa inkundla yokudlala eduze.
Futhi eHong Kong sebevele badala uhlobo oluhle lwezinhlanzi ukuze banqume ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Izinhlanzi ziqala ukukhazimula ngemibala ehlukene kuye ngokuthi imizimba yazo izizwa kabi kangakanani emanzini.
Impumelelo
Futhi akuwona nje amaphupho. Izigidi zabantu sekuyisikhathi eside zisebenzisa imithi ekhiqizwe izakhi zofuzo: i-insulin, i-interferon, umgomo wesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B, uma sibala ezimbalwa.
Isintu sesisondele emgqeni, sesiwele lapho sizokwazi ukuhlela ngokuzimela hhayi nje ukuvela kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, kodwa futhi nezaso.
Singasebenzisa izinto eziphilayo njengezinto—uwoyela, amatshe, nokunye—ngendlela izinkampani ezazizisebenzisa ngayo esikhathini sezimboni.
Singanqoba izifo, ubumpofu, indlala.
Reality
Ngeshwa, njenganoma iyiphi into eyinkimbinkimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-GM kunezinhlangothi zayo ezingemnandi. Indaba yokuzibulala ngobuningi babalimi baseNdiya abaswele imali ngemuva kokuthenga imbewu yeGM kwa-TNC Monsanto yaziwa kakhulu.
Khona-ke kwavela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezimangaliso abugcini nje ngokuthwala noma yiziphi izinzuzo zezomnotho, kodwa ngokuvamile azifaneleki isimo sezulu sendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kwakungenalutho ukugcina imbewu yonyaka olandelayo, ayizange iqhume. Zazingezenkampani futhi, njenganoma yimuphi omunye “umsebenzi”, kwakudingeka zithengwe kabusha kumnikazi welungelo lobunikazi. Umanyolo okhiqizwa yinkampani efanayo nawo unamathiselwe embewini. Zaphinde zabiza imali, futhi ngaphandle kwazo imbewu yayingenamsebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkulungwane zabantu zaqale zangena ezikweletini, zabe sezingenamali, zalahlekelwa umhlaba wazo, zase ziphuza izibulala-zinambuzane zeMonsanto, zizibulala.
Kungenzeka ukuthi le ndaba ikhuluma ngamazwe ampofu nakude. Cishe, ukuphila akulona ushukela lapho ngisho ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo ye-GM. Emazweni athuthukile, anabantu abafundile, nohulumeni oqapha izithakazelo zezakhamuzi zawo, lokhu ngeke kwenzeke.
Uma uya kwenye yezitolo ezibizayo ze-bioshops enkabeni yedolobha i-Manhattan (njengokudla Okuphelele) noma imakethe yabalimi e-Union Square eNew York, uzozithola uphakathi kwabantu abasha abanempilo enhle abanebala elihle. Emakethe yabalimi, bakhetha ama-apula amancane, ashwabene abiza izikhathi eziningana ngaphezu kwama-apula amahle anosayizi ofanayo esuphamakethe evamile. Kuwo wonke amabhokisi, izimbiza, amaphakheji, imibhalo emikhulu ibukisa: "i-bio", "ayiqukethe izingxenye ze-GM", "ayiqukethe isiraphu yommbila" njalonjalo.
E-Upper Manhattan, ezitolo ezishibhile noma endaweni lapho kuhlala khona abampofu, iphakethe lokudla lihluke kakhulu. Amaphakheji amaningi awasho lutho ngemvelaphi yawo, kodwa ngokuziqhenya athi: “Manje u-30% owengeziwe ngemali efanayo.”
Phakathi kwabathengi bezitolo ezishibhile, iningi ngabantu abakhuluphele kabuhlungu. Yebo, ungacabanga ukuthi "zidla njengezingulube, uma udla ama-apula e-bio ngenani elinjalo, nawe ngeke ube mncane." Kodwa lokhu kuyiphuzu elingenalutho.
Ukudla kwe-GM kudliwa abampofu baseMelika nasemhlabeni wonke. E-Europe, ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo yeGM kunqunyelwe ngokuqinile, futhi yonke imikhiqizo equkethe ngaphezu kwe-1% GM ingaphansi kokulebula okuyimpoqo. Futhi uyazi, ngokumangalisayo, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakhuluphele eYurophu, ngisho nasezindaweni ezimpofu.
Ubani odinga konke lokhu?
Ngakho-ke uphi utamatisi oluhlaza kanye nawo wonke ama-apula amavithamini? Kungani abacebile nabahle bekhetha imikhiqizo yasengadini yangempela, kuyilapho abampofu bephakelwa “izinto zakamuva abazifezile”? Akukabikho ukudla okuningi kwe-GM emhlabeni. Ubhontshisi wesoya, ummbila, ukotini, namazambane kuye kwaqaliswa ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezentengiselwano.
Nalu uhlu lwezici ze-GM soy:
1. Isitshalo se-GM sivikelwe ezinambuzaneni ngofuzo lokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane. Inkampani ye-Monsanta, ethengisa imbewu ye-GM kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane, ifake imbewu yezimangaliso ngekhono lokumelana "nokuhlasela kwamakhemikhali" okubulala zonke ezinye izitshalo. Ngenxa yalesi sinyathelo sezentengiselwano esihlakaniphile, bayakwazi ukuthengisa kokubili imbewu kanye nama-pollinator.
Ngakho-ke labo abacabanga ukuthi izitshalo ze-GM azidingi ukwelashwa kwamasimu ngezibulala-zinambuzane banephutha.
2. Imbewu yeGM inelungelo lobunikazi. Benqaba ukonga imbewu yabo, abalimi (noma ngisho namazwe ewonke) bathenga imbewu enkampanini ezimele embonini efinyelele emazingeni angakaze abonwe okubusa kuphela. Kungcono ukungacabangi nokuthi yini engenzeka uma inkampani ephethe imbewu noma amalungelo obunikazi kuvela ukuthi iyimbi, iyiziphukuphuku, noma abaholi abangenamashwa nje. Noma iyiphi i-dystopia izobonakala njengezinganekwane zezingane. Konke kumayelana nokuvikeleka kokudla.
3. Kanye nofuzo lwesici esithile esibalulekile, ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe, izakhi zofuzo zophawu lokumelana nama-antibiotic ezihlukaniswe kumagciwane zidluliselwa esitshalweni. Kunemibono ehlukene mayelana nengozi yokuqukatha isakhi sofuzo emikhiqizweni ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa abantu.
Lapha siza embuzweni oyinhloko. Kungani kufanele ngifake engozini nhlobo? Ngisho kancane nje? Azikho izici ezingenhla ezingilethela mina mathupha njengomthengi wokugcina womkhiqizo noma yiziphi izinzuzo. Hhayi nje amavithamini amangalisayo noma imisoco engavamile, kodwa okuthile okungasho lutho, njengokuthuthukisa ukunambitheka.
Khona-ke mhlawumbe ukudla kwe-GM kunenzuzo engapheli ngokombono wezomnotho futhi abalimi banamuhla baphila impilo entofontofo yomabhalane bamabhange? Nakuba i-GM soy yabo ilwa nokhula ngokwayo futhi ikhiqiza isivuno esihle, ingabe ichitha amahora amnandi emachibini nasezindaweni zokuzivocavoca?
I-Argentina ingelinye lamazwe angena ngenkuthalo nakudala ekuguqulweni kweGM kwezolimo. Kungani singezwa ngokuchuma kwabalimi babo noma ukuthuthuka komnotho wezwe? Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iYurophu, ehlala ibeka imingcele eyengeziwe mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo ye-GM, ikhathazekile ngokukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwemikhiqizo yezolimo.
Ekhuluma ngokungabizi kahle kwemikhiqizo yeGM e-United States, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ukuthi abalimi baseMelika bathola uxhaso olukhulu kuhulumeni wabo. Futhi hhayi noma yini, kodwa ngezinhlobo ze-GM, imbewu kanye nomanyolo okuthengiswa izinkampani ezinkulu ze-biotech.
Kungani kufanele, njengomthengi, sisekele ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo ye-GM engalethi nzuzo, kodwa ngokusobala sibeke imakethe yokudla yomhlaba ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwama-TNC amakhulu?
Umbono womphakathi
Uma u-Google "ukudla kweGM" uzothola uhlu olude lwezixhumanisi ezingxabano phakathi kwabasekeli babo nabamelene nabo.
Izingxabano" pheka phansi kokulandelayo:
“Yini, ufuna ukumisa inqubekelaphambili yesayensi?”
- Kuze kube manje, akukho lutho oluyingozi olutholakele ekudleni kwe-GM, futhi ayikho into ephephile ngokuphelele.
– Uyathanda ukudla izibulala-zinambuzane ezithelwa phezu kwezaqathi namuhla? I-GM iyithuba lokuqeda izibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala-khula ezinoshevu kithi kanye nomhlabathi.
Izinkampani ziyazi ukuthi zenzani. Azikho iziwula ezisebenza lapho. Imakethe izonakekela yonke into.
- Imifino kanye nezinye izishoshovu zezenhlalakahle baziwa ngobuwula babo nobuwula. Kungaba kuhle ukubavimba.
Lezi zimpikiswano zingafingqwa njengezepolitiki nezomnotho. Izakhamizi zimenywa ukuthi zivale umlomo futhi zingabuzi imibuzo eminingi ngenkathi ochwepheshe abavela kuma-TNC kanye nesandla esingabonakali semakethe sihlela inqubekelaphambili nokuchuma okusizungezile.
Umbhali odumile waseMelika uJeremy Riffkin, umbhali wencwadi ethi The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World, enikezelwe ku-biotechnology, ukholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-GM bungaletha isintu insindiso kokubili emashwa kanye nokunye okuningi okusha. Konke kuncike ekutheni ubani futhi ngayiphi inhloso lobu buchwepheshe benziwa. Uhlaka olusemthethweni lapho izinkampani zesimanje ze-biotech zikhona, ukusho okungenani, luyinkinga enkulu.
Futhi inqobo nje uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, inqobo nje uma izakhamizi zingakwazi ukubeka imisebenzi ye-TNCs ngaphansi kokulawulwa komphakathi kwangempela, inqobo nje uma kungenakwenzeka ukuhlela ukuhlolwa okukhulu nokuzimela kwemikhiqizo ye-GM, ukukhansela amalungelo obunikazi bezinto eziphilayo, ukusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo yeGM kumele kumiswe.
Okwamanje, ake ososayensi bathole izinto ezinhle ezitholakala ezindaweni zokucwaninga zombuso. Mhlawumbe bazokwazi ukudala kokubili utamatisi waphakade kanye ne-rose yemilingo ezoba yibo bonke abakhileyo eMhlabeni. Dala ngenjongo yokuchuma komphakathi, hhayi inzuzo.