Kule minyaka emine edlule, iChina isidlule i-United States yaba ngumkhiqizi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Uphinde wadlula iJapan ngosayizi womnotho. Kodwa kunenani okumele likhokhwe kulempumelelo yezomnotho. Ngezinye izinsuku, ukungcoliswa komoya emadolobheni amakhulu aseShayina kubi kakhulu. Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2013, amaphesenti angu-38 amadolobha aseShayina aba nemvula ene-asidi. Cishe amaphesenti angu-30 amanzi angaphansi komhlaba namaphesenti angu-60 amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuthiwa “ampofu kakhulu” noma “ampofu kakhulu” embikweni kahulumeni wango-2012.
Ukungcola okunjalo kunethonya elibi empilweni yomphakathi waseChina, ngocwaningo lwakamuva olubonisa ukuthi intuthu ibangele ukufa komuntu oyedwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Umnotho othuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni ungase ulibukele phansi iShayina, kodwa lokho kungaba ubuzenzisi, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-United States, ngokwesibonelo, yayisesimweni esifanayo emashumini amane eminyaka adlule.
Muva nje ngawo-1970, izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezifana ne-sulphur oxides, i-nitrogen oxides, ngesimo sezinhlayiya ezincane, zazikhona emoyeni wase-United States naseJapane ezingeni elifanayo nelaseShayina manje. Imizamo yokuqala yokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya eJapan yenziwa ngo-1968, kwathi ngo-1970 kwaphasiswa uMthetho Womoya Ohlanzekile, ongenisa iminyaka eyishumi yokuqinisa imithetho yokungcoliswa komoya e-US—futhi le nqubomgomo iye yasebenza, ngezinga elithile. Ukukhishwa kwe-sulphur ne-nitrogen oxides kwehle ngamaphesenti angu-15 namaphesenti angu-50, ngokulandelana, e-US phakathi kuka-1970 no-2000, futhi ukugxila komoya kwalezi zinto kwehle ngamaphesenti angu-40 ngesikhathi esifanayo. EJapane, phakathi kuka-1971 no-1979, ukugcwala kwesulfure nenitrogen oxide kwehle ngamaphesenti angu-35 namaphesenti angu-50, ngokulandelana, futhi kuye kwaqhubeka kwehla kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Manje sekuyithuba leShayina lokuba liqine ekungcoleni, futhi abahlaziyi bathi embikweni wenyanga edlule leli zwe lisogwini “lomjikelezo oluhlaza” weminyaka eyishumi wokuqinisa imithetho kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile nengqalasizinda. Besebenzisa ulwazi lwaseJapan ngeminyaka yawo-1970, abahlaziyi balinganisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwemvelo kwaseChina phakathi nohlelo lukahulumeni lwamanje lweminyaka emihlanu (2011-2015) lungafinyelela kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3400 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-561). Izinkampani ezisebenza ezimbonini ezithatha ingxenye enkulu yesisi esingcolisa umoya - njengamanje izimboni eziphehla ugesi, abakhiqizi bakasimende nensimbi - kuzodingeka bakhiphe imali eningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izikhungo zabo kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ukuze zihambisane nemithetho emisha yokungcoliswa komoya.
Kodwa i-vector eluhlaza yaseChina izoba usizo kwabanye abaningi. Izikhulu zihlela ukusebenzisa ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-244 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40) ukuze zengeze amakhilomitha angu-159 amapayipi endle ngo-2015. Izwe liphinde lidinga imishini emisha yokushisa imfucumfucu ukuze ibhekane nenani elikhulayo lemfucuza ekhiqizwa abantu besigaba esiphakathi.
Njengoba izinga lentuthu limboze amadolobha amakhulu aseShayina, ukuthuthukisa izinga lomoya kungenye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu ezemvelo ezweni. Uhulumeni waseShayina usemukele ezinye zezindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha umoya emhlabeni.
Izinkampani eminyakeni emibili ezayo zizobekelwa imingcele eqinile. Yebo, awuphosisi. Ukukhishwa kwe-sulphur oxide kuma-metallurgists kuzoba ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuya kwengxenye yezinga elivumelekile eYurophu eqaphela imvelo, futhi izitshalo zamandla kagesi zamalahle zizovunyelwa ukukhipha ingxenye kuphela yezinto ezingcolisa umoya ezivunyelwe izitshalo zaseJapane nezaseYurophu. Yebo, ukuphoqelela le mithetho emisha eqinile kungenye indaba. Izinhlelo zaseChina zokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho azanele, njengoba abahlaziyi bethi izinhlawulo zokwephulwa kwemithetho ngokuvamile ziphansi kakhulu ukuba zibe yisithiyo esiqinisekisayo. AmaShayina azibekele imigomo emikhulu. Ngokusebenzisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha umoya, izikhulu zaseShayina zithemba ukuthi izimoto ezindala zizobe zingekho emgwaqeni ngo-2015 emadolobheni afana neBeijing neTianjin, futhi ngo-2017 ezweni lonke. Izikhulu zihlela nokushintsha ama-boilers amancane asezimbonini ngamamodeli amakhulu ngokwanele ukuze amukele ubuchwepheshe obunciphisa ukungcola.
Okokugcina, uhulumeni uhlose ukususa kancane kancane amalahle asetshenziswa ezimbonini zikagesi ngegesi yemvelo futhi usesungule isikhwama esikhethekile sokuxhasa amaphrojekthi kagesi avuselelekayo. Uma uhlelo luqhubeka njengoba kuhleliwe, imithetho emisha inganciphisa ukukhishwa kwaminyaka yonke kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezinkulu ngamaphesenti angama-40-55 kusukela ngo-2011 ekupheleni kuka-2015. Kungu-“uma” omkhulu, kodwa okungenani kuyinto ethile.
Amanzi nenhlabathi yaseChina cishe kungcoliswe kakhulu njengomoya. Amacala ngamafekithali alahla imfucuza yezimboni ngendlela engafanele, amapulazi athembele kakhulu kumvundiso, nokushoda kwezinhlelo zokuqoqa, ukuhlanza nokulahla udoti namanzi angcolile. Futhi lapho amanzi nomhlabathi kungcoliswa, isizwe sisengozini: amazinga aphezulu ezinsimbi ezisindayo njenge-cadmium atholakale elayisi laseShayina izikhathi eziningana eminyakeni yamuva. Abahlaziyi balindele ukutshalwa kwezimali ekushisweni kwemfucuza, imfucuza yezimboni eyingozi kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile kuzokhula ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-30 kusukela ngo-2011 ekupheleni kuka-2015, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kwezigidigidi ezingama-264 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-44) ngalesi sikhathi. isikhathi. I-China iye yakha indawo enkulu yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, futhi phakathi kuka-2006 no-2012, inani lalezi zikhungo liye laphindeka ngokuphindwe kathathu laya ku-3340. Kodwa kudingeka okwengeziwe, njengoba isidingo sokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile sizokwenyuka ngamaphesenti ayishumi ngonyaka 10 kuya ku-2012.
Ukukhiqiza ukushisa noma ugesi ngokushiswa akulona ibhizinisi eliwubukhazikhazi kakhulu, kodwa isidingo sale sevisi sizokhula ngamaphesenti angu-53 minyaka yonke eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, futhi ngenxa yoxhaso lukahulumeni, isikhathi sokukhokha izikhungo ezintsha sizoncishiswa sibe iminyaka eyisikhombisa.
Izinkampani zikasimende zisebenzisa ohonela abakhulu ukushisisa i-limestone nezinye izinto zokwakha ezitholakala yonke indawo - ngakho-ke zingasebenzisa nodoti njengenye indlela yokuphehla uphethiloli.
Inqubo yokushiswa kwemfucuza yasendlini, imfucumfucu yezimboni kanye nendle ekukhiqizeni usimende kuyibhizinisi elisha eChina, kusho abahlaziyi. Njengoba inguphethiloli oshibhile uma kuqhathaniswa, ingathembisa esikhathini esizayo - ikakhulukazi ngoba ikhiqiza i-dioxin ebanga umdlavuza encane kunezinye izinto zokubasa. I-China isaqhubeka nokuzabalaza ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi anele kubahlali bayo, abalimi kanye nezimboni. Ukuhlanza nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile kuba umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu.