Okuqukethwe
Incazelo
Utshwala noma umoya (kusuka lat. umoya - umoya) - iyinhlanganisela ephilayo enekilasi elihlukahlukene futhi elibanzi. Okuthandwa kakhulu futhi okusetshenziswa kabanzi kukhona i-ethyl, i-methyl futhi elolokhile utshwala. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zotshwala azikwazi ukutholwa kuphela elabhoratri kepha futhi nasemvelweni.
Aqukethwe emaqabunga ezitshalo (isb., i-methyl), imikhiqizo yemvelo evutshelwe ngokwemvelo (i-ethanol) emafutheni abalulekile ezitshalo. Amanye amavithamini awesigaba sotshwala: A, B8, kanye no-D. Utshwala obusesimweni esivamile somzimba bunombala osobala, iphunga elibukhali, kanye nokunambitha. Kuyi-solvent enhle yezinto ezinamafutha namafutha. Amandla otshwala ahluka kusuka ku-95,57 kuya cishe ku-100.
Iziphuzo eziqukethe utshwala obabaziwa yisintu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kunobufakazi obungokomlando bokuthi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-8 BC, abantu basebenzise iziphuzo zezithelo ezivutshiwe futhi bazi ngomphumela wazo emzimbeni. Okokuqala ukunotha ngamaphesenti aphezulu okuphuza utshwala kwenziwa ngamakhemikhali ase-Arab 6-7 emakhulwini e-AD. EYurophu, abantu bakhiqiza i-ethanol yokuqala e-Italy ngekhulu le-11 kuya kwele-12. Ensimini yoMbuso WaseRussia, isiphuzo sokuqala sotshwala kwakungu-brandy, esalethwa ngo-1386 ngamanxusa aseGenoa. Kodwa-ke, i-100% yotshwala yatholakala eRussia ngokuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali kuphela ngo-1796 ngumakhemikhali u-Ie Lovecam.
Utshwala ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zezimboni zokukhiqiza i-ethyl alcohol, ukuvutshelwa okwenziwe nokwenziwa kwemvelo. Okudume kakhulu yindlela yesibili. Njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, abakhiqizi basebenzisa izithelo, okusanhlamvu, amazambane, irayisi, ummbila, isitashi, umoba-okuluhlaza. Ukusabela kokwakhiwa kotshwala kuqala ukuvela kuphela kwimvubelo, ama-enzyme nakwigciwane. Inqubo yokukhiqiza inezigaba eziningana:
- ukukhetha, ukuwasha, nokuchoboza izinto zokusetshenziswa;
- ukonakala kwezinto ezinesitashi ngokuvutshelwa koshukela olula;
- ukuvutshelwa kwemvubelo;
- i-distillation esigabeni esiphezulu sekholomu;
- ukuhlanzwa koketshezi olutholakala emanzini-utshwala kusuka ekungcoleni nasezingxenyeni ezisindayo.
Ekhaya, inani elifanele lotshwala cishe alikwazi ukutholakala.
Utshwala busetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Idume kakhulu embonini yezokwelapha, yamakha neyezimonyo, ukudla, izimboni zokuphehla utshwala kanye nezimboni zamakhemikhali.
Izinzuzo zotshwala
Utshwala bunezindawo eziningi eziwusizo nezinsiza. Inomphumela wokubulala amagciwane nephunga, isetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane ezinsimbi zokwelapha, isikhumba, nezandla zabasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa. Futhi, abakhiqizi botshwala bengeza njenge-ejenti ehlambalaza igama entweni yokungenisa umoya okufakelwayo futhi baziwa njenge-solvent ekwenziweni kwemithi, imixube, kanye nezikhangiso. Embonini yotshwala, abakhiqizi basebenzisa utshwala ukubopha iziphuzo ezidakayo kanye nokudla njengemibala nezinongo zemvelo ezigcina ukudla nezinyibilikayo.
Emithini yesintu, basebenzisa ukuxubha utshwala emazingeni aphezulu okushisa, ukufudumeza ukucindezela, nokwenza izithako zokwelapha. Yebo, utshwala obusesimweni bumsulwa buyisiphuzo esingenalutho esikhuliswe ukumuncwa kwamakhambi nezithelo.
Ukwelapha ukuphefumula, imikhuhlane yomphimbo, umkhuhlane kanye ne-bronchitis, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-tincture ku-eucalyptus, calendula, naseKalanchoe. Zonke izithako zithatha ivolumu engu-100 g. Gxobhoza ngokuphelele bese uthele uhhafu webhodlela lelitha notshwala. Shiya izinsuku ezintathu endaweni emnyama. Ukulungele ukumnika ukuxubana namanzi afudumele ngokwesilinganiso 1:10 futhi ugaxe izikhathi ezingekho ngaphansi kwezingu-3 ngosuku.
Uma kwenzeka isifo
Uma kwenzeka umfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo senhliziyo, nemithambo yegazi, ungasebenzisa i-tincture yama-rose petals (300 g), isithombo sebhitrudi esigayiwe (200 g), ujusi we-cranberry (100 g), ujusi welamula elilodwa, uju olungamanzi (250 g) ne-ethanol (250 ml.). Zonke izingxenye zixubana kahle futhi zishiye ukugcizelela izinsuku ezingama-4-5. I-tincture ekulungele kufanele ithathe isipuni esingu-1 izikhathi ezintathu ngosuku.
Ukuze unciphise imithambo evulekile - yenza ukuxubha nokucindezela i-tincture ye-chestnut yamahhashi. Ukuze uzilungiselele, kufanele uchoboze ama-chestnut amaphakathi no-6-10 bese uwafaka ngotshwala (500 g). Faka ingxube zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-14 endaweni emnyama. Umuthi ophelile usebenza ngokunyikinya umzimba kathathu ngosuku emilenzeni ngemithambo eveziwe futhi ukumunca amaconsi angama-3 kathathu ngosuku. Inkambo yokwelashwa cishe inyanga.
Ikhambi elihle yi-tincture yesithelo se-barberry. Izithelo ezintsha noma ezomisiwe (2 tbsp) uthele ngotshwala (100 g.) Bese uzifaka izinsuku eziyi-14. Ukumnika okulungele kuthatha ivolumu yamaconsi angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 ahlanjululwe ku-50 ml wamanzi kathathu ngosuku. Ukusebenza kokwelashwa kuqala ukuvela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-3 zokudla okuhleliwe.
Ubungozi botshwala nokuphikisana
Utshwala obusetshenziswa embonini (i-ethanol, i-methanol, i-isopropanol), ukuvezwa kwesikhathi eside kwe-inhalation kungaholela ekuqalekeni kobuthakathaka, umphumela we-narcotic, noma ukufa. Amathuba omphumela othile ancike ekuphefumuleni kwemiphunga, kusuka emahoreni ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwangu-8.
I-Methyl utshwala bokusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi inomphumela onamandla kakhulu wobuthi, othinta kabi amasistimu wezinzwa (ukudikiza, ukudlikizela, ukuquleka), izinhlelo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi (tachycardia). Kuthinta i-retina ne-optic nerve, kubangele ukungaboni ngokuphelele. Ukungeniswa kuka-30 g walolu tshwala kwenzeka ukufa.
I-Ethanol ayinabungozi kangako kepha futhi iba nemiphumela emibi emzimbeni. Okokuqala, ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwamafinyila esiswini nasemathunjini lungena ngokushesha egazini, ukuhlushwa kufinyelela okuphezulu imizuzu engama-20-60 ngemuva kokungeniswa. Okwesibili, umphumela ophindwe kabili ohlelweni lwezinzwa: okokuqala, okubangela isasasa elinamandla nokudangala okubukhali. Ngakho-ke ngesibalo esikhulu kufa futhi kululaze amaseli we-cerebral cortex. Okwesithathu, umsebenzi ophazamisekile wezitho zangaphakathi nezinhlelo: isibindi, izinso, i-gallbladder, amanyikwe, nokunye.
