1. Amanzi amaningi asetshenziswa abantu ngawezolimo
Ezolimo zisebenzisa isamba esikhulu semithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni wonke - zenza cishe u-70% wazo zonke izimali ezikhishwe ngamanzi. Lesi sibalo singakhuphuka sibe ngaphezu kuka-90% emazweni afana nePakistan lapho ezolimo zivame kakhulu khona. Ngaphandle uma kwenziwa imizamo ebalulekile yokunciphisa ukulahlwa kokudla kanye nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi ezolimo, isidingo samanzi emkhakheni wezolimo kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke sikhula eminyakeni ezayo.
Ukulima ukudla kwemfuyo kubeka engcupheni imvelo yomhlaba, esengozini yokucekelwa phansi nokungcola. Izizalo zemifula namachibi zibhekene nokuqhakaza kolwelwe olungalungile ngokwemvelo olubangelwa ukusetshenziswa okwandayo komanyolo. Ukunqwabelana kolwelwe olunobuthi kubulala izinhlanzi futhi kungcolise namanzi okuphuza.
Amachibi amakhulu nama-delta emfuleni anciphe ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka okuhoxiswa kwamanzi. Imvelo ebalulekile yamaxhaphozi iyoma. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye yamaxhaphozi omhlaba isithintekile kakade, futhi izinga lokulahlekelwa liye landa emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.
2. Ukuzijwayeza nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubandakanya ukusabela ezinguqukweni zokusatshalaliswa kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nezinga layo
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta ukutholakala kanye nekhwalithi yemithombo yamanzi. Njengoba amazinga okushisa embulunga yonke ekhuphuka, izehlakalo zesimo sezulu ezimbi kakhulu nezingavamile njengezikhukhula nesomiso sezivame kakhulu. Esinye isizathu siwukuthi umoya ofudumele ubamba umswakama owengeziwe. Iphethini yamanje yemvula kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke, okuholela ekutheni izifunda ezomile zibe nezindawo ezomile nezimanzi zibe manzi.
Izinga lamanzi nalo liyashintsha. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme amanzi emifuleni nasemachibini anciphisa inani lomoya-mpilo oncibilikile futhi enze indawo yokuhlala ibe yingozi kakhulu ezinhlanzini. Amanzi afudumele nawo ayizimo ezifaneleka kakhulu zokukhula kolwelwe oluyingozi, olunobuthi ezintweni eziphila emanzini nakubantu.
Amasistimu okuzenzela aqoqa, agcine, anyakaze futhi ahlanze amanzi awazange aklanyelwe ukwamukela lezi zinguquko. Ukujwayela isimo sezulu esishintshayo kusho ukutshala imali engqalasizinda yamanzi esimeme, kusukela ezinhlelweni zokudonsa amanzi emadolobheni kuya ekugcineni kwamanzi.
3. Amanzi aya ngokuya ewumthombo wezingxabano
Kusukela ezingxabanweni zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi kuya emibhikishweni yase-Afrika nase-Asia, amanzi adlala indima eyandayo ezingxabanweni zombango nezingxabano. Ezikhathini eziningi, amazwe nezifunda ziyavumelana ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano eziyinkimbinkimbi emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwamanzi. ISivumelwano Samanzi Sase-Indus, esihlukanisa imingenela yoMfula i-Indus phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan, singesinye sesibonelo esiphawulekayo esiye sasebenza cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha.
Kodwa le mikhuba yakudala yokubambisana ivivinywa ngokuqhubekayo ngesimo esingalindelekile sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwanda kwabantu kanye nezingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukushintshashintsha okusabalele kokunikezwa kwamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka - inkinga evame ukunganakwa kuze kube yilapho kuqubuka inkinga - kusongela ukuzinza kwesifunda, kwendawo kanye nembulunga yonke ngokuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, ukufuduka kanye nokuphila kahle kwabantu.
4. Izigidigidi zabantu zincishwa amanzi aphephile futhi athengekayo kanye nezinsiza zokuthuthwa kwendle
, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,1 abakwazi ukufinyelela okuphephile emanzini okuphuza ahlanzekile, futhi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,5 abanazo izinhlelo zokukhuculula indle. Minyaka yonke, izigidi zabantu ziyagula futhi zibulawe isifo sohudo nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amanzi.
Izinto ezingcolisa umoya eziningi zincibilika kalula emanzini, kanti imithombo yamanzi, emifuleni, namanzi kampompi angathwala izimpawu zamakhemikhali nezamagciwane endaweni yazo—umthofu ophuma emapayipini, izinto ezincibilikisa izimboni ezivela ezimbonini ezikhiqizayo, i-mercury ephuma ezimayini zegolide ezingenazo izimvume, amagciwane emfucumfucu yezilwane, kanye nama-nitrate nama-nitrate. izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela emasimini ezolimo.
5. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angumthombo omkhulu wamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni
Inani lamanzi emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, elibuye libizwe ngokuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, lingaphezu kwezingu-25 inani lamanzi emifuleni nasemachibini omhlaba wonke.
Cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili bathembele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba njengomthombo wabo omkhulu wamanzi okuphuza, futhi cishe ingxenye yamanzi asetshenziselwa ukunisela izitshalo avela ngaphansi komhlaba.
Naphezu kwalokhu, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo mayelana nekhwalithi kanye nenani lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba atholakalayo. Lokhu kungazi ezimweni eziningi kubangela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, futhi imithombo eminingi engaphansi komhlaba emazweni akhiqiza inani elikhulu likakolweni nokusanhlamvu iyancipha. Izikhulu zaseNdiya, isibonelo, zithi izwe libhekene nenkinga yamanzi embi nakakhulu, ingxenye enkulu ngenxa yokuncipha kwamanzi okucwile emamitha angamakhulu ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi.